scholarly journals Exponential Amplification Using Photoredox Autocatalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunghyeon Kim ◽  
Alejandra Martinez Dibildox ◽  
Alan Aguirre-Soto ◽  
Hadley Sikes
Keyword(s):  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Eosin Y ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Steady State Kinetic ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Detection Of Biomarkers ◽  
Amplification Strategy ◽  
State Kinetic

Exponential molecular amplification such as the polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool that allows ultrasensitive biodetection. Here we report a new exponential amplification strategy based on photoredox autocatalysis, where eosin Y, a photocatalyst, amplifies itself by activating a non-fluorescent eosin Y derivative (EYH2) under green light. The deactivated photocatalyst is stable and rapidly activated under low intensity light, making the eosin Y amplification suitable for resource-limited settings. Through steady-state kinetic studies and reaction modeling, we found that EYH2 is either oxidized to eosin Y via one-electron oxidation by triplet eosin Y and subsequent 1e─/H+ transfer, or activated by singlet oxygen with the risk of degradation. By reducing the rate of the EYH2 degradation, we successfully improved EYH2- to-eosin Y recovery, achieving efficient autocatalytic eosin Y amplification. Additionally, to demonstrate its flexibility in output signals, we coupled the eosin Y amplification with photo-induced chromogenic polymerization, enabling sensitive visual detection of analytes. Finally, we applied the exponential amplification methods in developing bioassays for detection of biomarkers including SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, an antigen used in the diagnosis of COVID-19<br>

scholarly journals Exponential Amplification Using Photoredox Autocatalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunghyeon Kim ◽  
Alejandra Martinez Dibildox ◽  
Alan Aguirre-Soto ◽  
Hadley Sikes
Keyword(s):  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Eosin Y ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Steady State Kinetic ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Detection Of Biomarkers ◽  
Amplification Strategy ◽  
State Kinetic

Exponential molecular amplification such as the polymerase chain reaction is a powerful tool that allows ultrasensitive biodetection. Here we report a new exponential amplification strategy based on photoredox autocatalysis, where eosin Y, a photocatalyst, amplifies itself by activating a non-fluorescent eosin Y derivative (EYH2) under green light. The deactivated photocatalyst is stable and rapidly activated under low intensity light, making the eosin Y amplification suitable for resource-limited settings. Through steady-state kinetic studies and reaction modeling, we found that EYH2 is either oxidized to eosin Y via one-electron oxidation by triplet eosin Y and subsequent 1e─/H+ transfer, or activated by singlet oxygen with the risk of degradation. By reducing the rate of the EYH2 degradation, we successfully improved EYH2- to-eosin Y recovery, achieving efficient autocatalytic eosin Y amplification. Additionally, to demonstrate its flexibility in output signals, we coupled the eosin Y amplification with photo-induced chromogenic polymerization, enabling sensitive visual detection of analytes. Finally, we applied the exponential amplification methods in developing bioassays for detection of biomarkers including SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, an antigen used in the diagnosis of COVID-19<br>

α-Retaining glucosyl transfer catalysed by trehalose phosphorylase from Schizophyllum commune: mechanistic evidence obtained from steady-state kinetic studies with substrate analogues and inhibitors

2001 ◽  
Vol 360 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd NIDETZKY ◽  
Christian EIS
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Transition State ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Steady State Kinetic ◽  
State Kinetic ◽  
Trehalose Phosphorylase

Fungal trehalose phosphorylase is classified as a family 4 glucosyltransferase that catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of α,α-trehalose with net retention of anomeric configuration. Glucosyl transfer to and from phosphate takes place by the partly rate-limiting interconversion of ternary enzyme–substrate complexes formed from binary enzyme–phosphate and enzyme–α-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate adducts respectively. To advance a model of the chemical mechanism of trehalose phosphorylase, we performed a steady-state kinetic study with the purified enzyme from the basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune by using alternative substrates, inhibitors and combinations thereof in pairs as specific probes of substrate-binding recognition and transition-state structure. Orthovanadate is a competitive inhibitor against phosphate and α-d-glucopyranosyl phosphate, and binds 3×104-fold tighter (Ki≈ 1μM) than phosphate. Structural alterations of d-glucose at C-2 and O-5 are tolerated by the enzyme at subsite +1. They lead to parallel effects of approximately the same magnitude (slope = 1.14; r2 = 0.98) on the reciprocal catalytic efficiency for reverse glucosyl transfer [log (Km/kcat)] and the apparent affinity of orthovanadate determined in the presence of the respective glucosyl acceptor (log Ki). An adduct of orthovanadate and the nucleophile/leaving group bound at subsite +1 is therefore the true inhibitor and displays partial transition state analogy. Isofagomine binds to subsite −1 in the enzyme–phosphate complex with a dissociation constant of 56μM and inhibits trehalose phosphorylase at least 20-fold better than 1-deoxynojirimycin. The specificity of the reversible azasugars inhibitors would be explained if a positive charge developed on C-1 rather than O-5 in the proposed glucosyl cation-like transition state of the reaction. The results are discussed in the context of α-retaining glucosyltransferase mechanisms that occur with and without a β-glucosyl enzyme intermediate.

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