scholarly journals Fishery Depletion and the South China Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaymes MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
The Relationship

Fishery depletion is a driving force in the militarization of the South China Sea. Using Garrett Hardin’s theory “the tragedy of the commons” as an analytical lens, this paper explores the relationship between the lack of legitimate territory designations and the illegal overexploitation of wild fish stocks. It argues that China, as the regional hegemon, has triggered conflicts by pursuing an agenda of maritime territorial expansionism. Some Southeast Asian countries, affected by these resource-driven incursions, defend their exclusive economic zones through military buildup. Therefore, the rising violence and decreasing availability of fish force some non-commercial fishermen to pursue piracy as an alternate form of income. The findings of this paper suggest that increased militarism of the South China Sea has not only predominantly affected the lives of non-commercial fishermen but also negatively impacted the regional environmental health. In the future, without multilateral resource management, this militarization will only worsen.

scholarly journals Changing Relationship Between Tibetan Plateau Temperature and South China Sea Summer Monsoon Precipitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Liang ◽  
Jianjun Xu ◽  
Johnny C. L. Chan ◽  
Liguang Wu ◽  
Xiangde Xu
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
South China ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Monsoon Precipitation ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Relationship

The present study documents the changes in the relationship between the Tibetan Plateau summer surface temperature (TPST) and the South China Sea summer monsoon precipitation (SCSSMP). A stepwise regression model is used to exclude the signals of global warming, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The results indicate that the relationship between TPST–SCSSMP changes with time, going from a negative correlation during the period of 1980–1994 to an obvious positive correlation during 1998–2016 in the South China Sea. Meanwhile, the negative correlation between TPST and the East Asia subtropical front (Meiyu) is enhanced during 1998–2016. This change in the TPST–SCSSMP relationship is associated with the change of the atmospheric circulation, which is mainly due to TPST interdecadal variation. A wave–like structure at the low latitude moves eastward along the low–level monsoon flow, and a strong cyclonic circulation is apparent in the southwestern part of the Plateau, including the Indochina Peninsula, South China Sea, and the ocean to the east of the Philippines, which is consistent with the negative correlation between TPST and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR). The increase in water–vapor convergence and more favorable convection conditions lead to more precipitation in the region after the late 1990s. The present results suggest that, in a changing climate, we should be cautious when using predictor with interdecadal variations.

South China Sea Arbitral Awards: Main Findings and Assessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hyun Paik
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Refusal To Participate ◽  
The Relationship

The South China Sea arbitration was an unusual case involving many intricate legal and factual issues. The proceedings were both procedurally and substantively complex. In addition, the arbitration was marred from the beginning by China’s refusal to participate in the proceedings. Nevertheless, an arbitral tribunal was constituted in accordance with Annex vii to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Once constituted, the Tribunal was able to conduct the proceedings expeditiously while assuring procedural fairness to both parties. The arbitral proceedings, which lasted three and half years since its initiation by the Philippines in January 2013, eventually produced two voluminous Awards. Both Awards were decided unanimously. The Awards marked an important milestone in terms of clarifying various provisions of the Convention. In particular, the Tribunal clarified the relationship between the Convention and prior historic rights that are at variance with its Convention. The Tribunal also undertook an unprecedented task in determining how Art. 121 (3) of the Convention should be interpreted and applied. The Tribunal took a broad and proactive approach towards the scope of the marine environment as well as that of the obligation of States to protect the marine environment. The Awards, however, are not free of controversy. Questions can be raised as to several aspects of the Awards. The Awards would have implications that go far beyond the immediate dispute. For the dispute between the Philippines and China, it remains to be seen whether the Awards, by addressing some of the most contentious legal issues, would help the Parties to find a constructive solution to their dispute in the South China Sea.

South China Sea dispute will worsen markedly

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Eu

Significance The fallout from the COVID-19 crisis has worsened relations between Washington and Beijing and increased tensions in the disputed waters. China is taking advantage of the pandemic by pressing its maritime claims. Impacts Heightened tensions in the South China Sea will have little effect on commercial shipping. Fish stocks in the disputed waters will continue to fall as the ongoing dispute precludes agreement on regionwide fisheries management. The EU, Japan, India and Australia will express concern about the situation in the South China Sea but not intervene directly.

scholarly journals KEPADATAN DAN STRATIFIKASI KOMPOSISI SUMBER DAYA IKAN DEMERSAL DI LAUT CINA SELATAN (WPP – NRI 711)

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Robet Perangin Angin ◽  
Sulistiono Sulistiono ◽  
Rahmat Kurnia ◽  
Achmad Fahrudin ◽  
Ali Suman
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
South China ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Acoustic Data ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Fish Resources

Informasi distribusi kepadatan stok dan komposisi ikan demersal sangat penting untuk diketahui sebagai bahan masukan guna keberhasilan pengelolaan perikanan. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi, kepadatan stok dan sebaran sumber daya ikan demersal di Laut Cina Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Mei sampai Juni 2015 dengan menggunakan scientific echosounder BIOSONICS DT-X dan frekuensi 120 KHz. Untuk verifikasi data akustik terutama komposisi jenis dilakukan pengoperasian trawl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komposisi jenis ikan demersal di Laut Cina Selatan meliputi 147 spesies dari 55 famili. Stratifikasi komposisi dikedalaman 20-30 m, 30-40 m, 40-50 m, 50-60 m, dan 60-70 m masing masing didominasi oleh ikan dari famili Leiognathidae, Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Tetraodontidae, dan Serranidae. Estimasi kepadatan stok sumber daya ikan demersal di Laut Cina Selatan berkisar antara 0,16 – 2,85 ton/km2 dengan rata-rata kepadatan 1,05 ton/km2. Information about density distribution and composition of demersal fish stocks is very important to be known as an input for the success of fisheries management. Current research aimed to determine the composition, stock density and distribution of demersal fish resources in the South China Sea. The research was conducted in May to June 2015 using scientific echosounder BIOSONICS DT-X and frequency of 120 KHz. Trawler sampling was done to verify the acoustic data, especially for species composition. The results show that the species composition of demersal fish in the South China Sea consisted of 147 species of 55 families. The stratification of the composition at the respective depth of 20-30 m, 30-40 m, 40-50 m, 50-60 m and 60-70 m, were dominated by fish families of Leiognathidae, Lutjanidae, Nemipteridae, Tetraodontidae, and Serranidae. The estimated stock density of demersal fish resources in the South China Sea ranged from 0.16 to 2.85 tonnes/km2 with the average of 1.05 tonnes / km2.     

Goldilocks and the South China Sea: Why Vietnam is Hedging Against a Rising China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW KENNETH REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
The Relationship

When Richard Samuels raised the prospect of a ‘Goldilocks Consensus’ in regardsto Japan’s relationship vis à vis China, he was positing the idea that Japan shouldhedge. Samuels identified a need for Japan to grow stronger whilst avoiding growingsufficiently powerful as to pose a threat to China, while simultaneously positioningitself not too close and not too far from the United States, its security guarantor. Inshort, Japan should aim to get the relationship ‘just right’, hence the faerie—taleanalogy. Moving further south within Asia, an examination of the evolvingrelationship between Vietnam and China shows this is precisely the strategy Vietnamis adopting vis à vis China, albeit within an entirely different security dynamic. Inessence, Vietnam's hedging strategy, comprising what Goh has defined as a form of“triangular politics” between Vietnam, China and the United States, is a strategypredicated on working for the best whilst preparing for the worst. It is a strategythat seeks to combine a mixture of balancing, containment, engagement andenmeshment as a form of insurance against an uncertain strategic future.This paper will argue that, due to Thayer’s “tyranny of geography’ – whereVietnam's shared northern continental border and their long snaking eastern littoralcoastline bordering the South China Sea have inevitably thrown Vietnam's andChina's interests together – Vietnam is more threatened by China's rise than anyother regional state. As Goh states, “the tyranny of geography renders the twocountries strategic rivals.” Consequently, as China continues to rise, this paperargues that Vietnam will increasingly seek to hedge with the United States,increasing military and security ties with the western hegemon as part of a nuancedstrategy, which also includes engagement with China (particularly through growingtrade and economic ties); which seeks to enmesh China in multilateral institutionswithin the regional security architecture; and which seeks to strengthen its ownsecurity position through a program of military modernisation and selective militaryexpansion. This nuanced strategy we shall call hedging.

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