Selected Issues of the TCO Model for the Conversion of the Conventional Bus Fleet to Electric One

National and European transport policy is now moving towards zero-emission transport. One way to achieve public transport policy objectives is to replace conventional buses with electric ones. However, due to the technical characteristics of electric buses, this process will be complicated. Tools are therefore required to support this process. The objective of the research project ERANET Electric Mobility Europe project "PLATON - Planning Process and Tool for Step-by-Step Conversion of the Conventional or Mixed Bus Fleet to a 100% Electric Bus Flee” is to support the stakeholders involved in the process of fleet renewal using an IT tool. Proper development of the tool requires the analysis of many aspects related to the process. The article presents selected elements influencing the total cost of ownership (TCO). The focus of the paper is on the technical and organizational aspects related to the replacement of bus fleet. Authors also shows the main aspects of the structure of TCO analysis.

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Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11092369 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2369 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Orhan Topal ◽

İsmail Nakir

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Public Transport ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electric Bus ◽

The World ◽

Actual Field ◽

Zero Emission

As across the world, in Turkey, several studies have been carried out by local government to use sustainable and 100% zero-emission public transport following increased public awareness. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to transportation systems in the world make it necessary to establish “zero-emission sustainable transportation systems” in Turkey. In this study, an economic analysis based on actual field data is presented for Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management (IETT) to seek the suitability of an electric bus concept for Istanbul conditions. For this purpose, a dynamic model based on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) from well to wheel has been proposed for the three groups of transportation, namely diesel, CNG (compressed natural gas) and electric buses. The data source used in the proposed approach is created by performing actual field performance tests for diesel, CNG and electric buses under real Istanbul road, time, and trip conditions. Afterwards, the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PB) methods considering TCO values and updated unit prices are carried out for the investment versus profitability analyses to compare the different public bus concepts. The results show that the electric bus concept with a charging station depot achieving sustainable and zero-emission goals will be the driving force to advance the electric bus concept for Istanbul Public Transport.

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Perspectives of electric mobility: Total cost of ownership of electric vehicles in Germany

Transport Policy ◽

10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.05.012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 50 ◽

pp. 63-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Steffen Bubeck ◽

Jan Tomaschek ◽

Ulrich Fahl

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Electric Mobility ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership

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Accelerating Bus Electrification: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Barriers and Drivers to Scaling Transit Fleet Electrification

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198119842117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2673 (8) ◽

pp. 577-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kelly Blynn ◽

John Attanucci

Keyword(s):

Mixed Methods ◽

New Technology ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Total Cost ◽

Transit Service ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electric Bus

Although transit buses have a relatively small impact on greenhouse gas emissions, they have a larger impact on urban air quality, have commercially available electric models, and have historically commercialized clean technologies that enabled deployment in other heavy-duty vehicles. This paper investigates what factors affect transit agencies’ decisions to go beyond electric bus pilots to larger scale deployments, with the goal of identifying strategies to enable an accelerated transition to an electrified fleet. This mixed methods analysis utilized quantitative total cost of ownership analysis and qualitative interviews to study the barriers and drivers of electric bus investment for transit fleets in three case study states: California, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. A total cost of ownership analysis estimated electric buses are already more cost-effective than diesel buses in many agency contexts, but are sensitive to key parameters such as annual mileage, fossil fuel costs, and electricity tariffs and supporting policies that vary widely. Though multiple agencies in California reported planning to fully electrify their fleets, outside California where less supportive policies exist, fewer agencies reported planning to procure additional electric buses, primarily owing to high first cost and undesirable tradeoffs with maintaining transit service levels. Interview respondents also reported other substantial barriers such as oversubscribed grant programs, charging infrastructure costs, electricity costs, and additional operational complexity, suggesting a need for multiple complementary policies to overcome these barriers and ensure agencies can transition to a new technology without affecting transit service.

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Analysis of Optimal Charging Points Location and Storage Capacity for Hybrid and Electric Buses

Revista Perspectivas ◽

10.47187/perspectivas.vol1iss2.pp23-30.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Victor Isaac Herrera Perez ◽

Josu Olmos ◽

Jon Ander López ◽

Haizea Gaztañaga

Keyword(s):

Storage Capacity ◽

Design Stage ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electricity Grid ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electric Bus ◽

High Investment ◽

Optimization Methodology

In order to be attractive in a very competitive market, hybrid electric buses and full electric buses need to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) compared to conventional buses. In this regard, the sizing of the onboard energy storage and the charging infrastructure becomes a key design stage. An optimal onboard storage and charging facilities are necessary to offer an appropriate vehicle autonomy, but they involve high investment costs for the manufacturer and fleet operator. Furthermore, the complex interrelations between these parameters make the best-performed system design a challenging process. To face this issue, the paper proposes an optimization methodology for the onboard storage capacity sizing, charging points rate and charging points location, aiming a total cost of ownership improvement for hybrid and full electric bus routes. As case study, several routes have been selected in the city of Donostia (Spain) to techno-economically evaluate the proposed methodology regarding factors such as: onboard storage cost, charging infrastructure cost, fuel cost, and electricity-grid cost.

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Total Cost of Ownership analysis and energy efficiency of electric, hybrid and conventional urban buses

Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability ◽

10.17531/ein.2022.1.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Emilia M. Szumska ◽

Marek Pawełczyk ◽

Rafał Jurecki

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Operating Time ◽

Energy Costs ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Charging Infrastructure ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Purchase Cost ◽

Electric Bus ◽

Different Types

From an economic perspective, the purchase cost of an electric bus is greater than that of a conventional one. This results from the additional components of the bus drivetrain and the costly charging infrastructure. However, it should be noted that electric bus ensures greener and more sustainable public transport. The presented study focuses on the economic and energy efficiency analysis of city buses with different types of driving system evaluated for selected urban and suburban routes. The routes differ in terms of the number of journeys per day, elevation, the daily distance travelled, and the daily operating time. The results demonstrate that driving conditions can affect economic efficiency. The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method used in the study shows that electric buses represent the highest TCO values among the vehicles taken into account. However, for the TCO calculated for electric and hybrid buses, fuel (energy) costs have a much lower share than for the TCO of conventional buses.

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Impact of route and charging scheduling on the total cost of ownership for electric bus depots

10.1109/isgteurope52324.2021.9640075 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amra Jahic ◽

Maik Plenz ◽

Detlef Schulz

Keyword(s):

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electric Bus

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Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13123262 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 3262

Author(s):

Anders Grauers ◽

Sven Borén ◽

Oscar Enerbäck

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Total Cost Of Ownership ◽

Significant Cost ◽

Total Cost ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Electric Bus ◽

Cost Modelling ◽

Different Types ◽

Cost Parameters ◽

The Cost

Without experiences of electric buses, public transport authorities and bus operators have faced questions about how to implement them in a cost-effective way. Simple cost modelling cannot show how costs for different types of electric buses differ between different routes and timetables. Tools (e.g., HASTUS, PtMS, and optibus) which can analyse such details are complicated, time consuming to use, and provide insufficient insights into the mechanisms that influence the cost. This paper therefore proposes a method for how to calculate total cost of ownership, for different types of electric buses, in a way which can predict how the cost varies based on route and timetable. The method excludes factors which cause minor cost variations in an almost random manor, in order to better show the fundamental mechanisms influencing different costs. The method will help in finding ways to reduce the cost and help to define a few cases which deserve a deep analysis with more complete tools. Testing of the method in a Swedish context showed that the results are in line with other theoretical and practical studies, and how the total cost of ownership can vary depending on the variables.

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