scholarly journals Total Cost of Ownership Model and Significant Cost Parameters for the Design of Electric Bus Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Anders Grauers ◽  
Sven Borén ◽  
Oscar Enerbäck
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cost Parameters ◽  
The Cost

Without experiences of electric buses, public transport authorities and bus operators have faced questions about how to implement them in a cost-effective way. Simple cost modelling cannot show how costs for different types of electric buses differ between different routes and timetables. Tools (e.g., HASTUS, PtMS, and optibus) which can analyse such details are complicated, time consuming to use, and provide insufficient insights into the mechanisms that influence the cost. This paper therefore proposes a method for how to calculate total cost of ownership, for different types of electric buses, in a way which can predict how the cost varies based on route and timetable. The method excludes factors which cause minor cost variations in an almost random manor, in order to better show the fundamental mechanisms influencing different costs. The method will help in finding ways to reduce the cost and help to define a few cases which deserve a deep analysis with more complete tools. Testing of the method in a Swedish context showed that the results are in line with other theoretical and practical studies, and how the total cost of ownership can vary depending on the variables.

Accelerating Bus Electrification: A Mixed Methods Analysis of Barriers and Drivers to Scaling Transit Fleet Electrification

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (8) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Blynn ◽  
John Attanucci
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Transit Service ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electric Bus

Although transit buses have a relatively small impact on greenhouse gas emissions, they have a larger impact on urban air quality, have commercially available electric models, and have historically commercialized clean technologies that enabled deployment in other heavy-duty vehicles. This paper investigates what factors affect transit agencies’ decisions to go beyond electric bus pilots to larger scale deployments, with the goal of identifying strategies to enable an accelerated transition to an electrified fleet. This mixed methods analysis utilized quantitative total cost of ownership analysis and qualitative interviews to study the barriers and drivers of electric bus investment for transit fleets in three case study states: California, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. A total cost of ownership analysis estimated electric buses are already more cost-effective than diesel buses in many agency contexts, but are sensitive to key parameters such as annual mileage, fossil fuel costs, and electricity tariffs and supporting policies that vary widely. Though multiple agencies in California reported planning to fully electrify their fleets, outside California where less supportive policies exist, fewer agencies reported planning to procure additional electric buses, primarily owing to high first cost and undesirable tradeoffs with maintaining transit service levels. Interview respondents also reported other substantial barriers such as oversubscribed grant programs, charging infrastructure costs, electricity costs, and additional operational complexity, suggesting a need for multiple complementary policies to overcome these barriers and ensure agencies can transition to a new technology without affecting transit service.

scholarly journals Total Cost of Ownership analysis and energy efficiency of electric, hybrid and conventional urban buses

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Emilia M. Szumska ◽  
Marek Pawełczyk ◽  
Rafał Jurecki
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Purchase Cost ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Different Types

From an economic perspective, the purchase cost of an electric bus is greater than that of a conventional one. This results from the additional components of the bus drivetrain and the costly charging infrastructure. However, it should be noted that electric bus ensures greener and more sustainable public transport. The presented study focuses on the economic and energy efficiency analysis of city buses with different types of driving system evaluated for selected urban and suburban routes. The routes differ in terms of the number of journeys per day, elevation, the daily distance travelled, and the daily operating time. The results demonstrate that driving conditions can affect economic efficiency. The Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method used in the study shows that electric buses represent the highest TCO values among the vehicles taken into account. However, for the TCO calculated for electric and hybrid buses, fuel (energy) costs have a much lower share than for the TCO of conventional buses.

Understanding the True Total Cost of Ownership of Water Cooling for Data Centers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin W. Demetriou ◽  
Vinod Kamath ◽  
Howard Mahaney
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership

The generation-to-generation IT performance and density demands continue to drive innovation in data center cooling technologies. For many applications, the ability to efficiently deliver cooling via traditional chilled air cooling approaches has become inadequate. Water cooling has been used in data centers for more than 50 years to improve heat dissipation, boost performance and increase efficiency. While water cooling can undoubtedly have a higher initial capital cost, water cooling can be very cost effective when looking at the true lifecycle cost of a water cooled data center. This study aims at addressing how one should evaluate the true total cost of ownership for water cooled data centers by considering the combined capital and operational cost for both the IT systems and the data center facility. It compares several metrics, including return-on-investment for three cooling technologies: traditional air cooling, rack-level cooling using rear door heat exchangers and direct water cooling via cold plates. The results highlight several important variables, namely, IT power, data center location, site electric utility cost, and construction costs and how each of these influence the total cost of ownership of water cooling. The study further looks at implementing water cooling as part of a new data center construction project versus a retrofit or upgrade into an existing data center facility.

scholarly journals Unified Modelling Language (UML) Effect on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for a Software Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Ahmed Altaher
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Unified Modelling Language ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Software Product ◽  
The Cost

UML (Unfiled Modeling Language), known as the standard method for object-oriented (analysis and design) modeling, includes other languages which enables it to implement a prototype of the structure and behaviors of the product. This paper attempts to explore the observations about UML role on the cost of software maintenance, and hence on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a software product. It is therefore important to investigate the benefits obtained through modeling..

scholarly journals Towards Cost Effective Data Centers

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Ajay Ahuja ◽  
Vinayshil Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Effectiveness ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
It Organization

Data Centers are sub organizations within an IT organization and form an integral part of e-enabled services infrastructure. Their effectiveness is essential for effectiveness of overall IT organization leading to efficient and effective delivery of e-services. Data Center organizations aim for Organizational Effectiveness. Many factors and measures can contribute to Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers. This paper presents some of the findings from a research study on “Select aspects of Organizational Effectiveness of Data Centers”. As an outcome of this study, amongst other measures, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) was derived as a critical measure for effective Data Centers. Lower TCO leads to cost effective Data Centers, leading to overall effectiveness. In this paper, we briefly introduce various measures of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness and present a detailed analysis of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) as a key measure of Data Centers’ Organizational Effectiveness. We also present various factors contributing to reduced TCO and a comparison between the factors contributing to TCO for Government and Corporate Data Centers.

The Management Conversation- It Still Needs to Make Sense

2011 ◽  
pp. 143-216
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Andriole
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Benchmark Data ◽  
Business Units ◽  
What Works ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
The People

Here’s what we’ll discuss here: • Measurement – or do you know where your computers, processes and skeletons are? Without benchmark data it’s impossible to converge anything: measure or fly blind. • The standardization of your computing and communications technology. If people want to buy non-standard, non-supported hardware or software make them pay for their own support. Watch three infrastructure levels: access, coordination and resource, and measure everything so you know what works and what doesn’t, and what things cost. • Outsourcing, or the love/hate relationship you should have with the people inside that are good/bad and the people you hire from the outside who are good/bad/expensive/cost-effective, and why you should outsource only to partners willing to share risk. • Funding, or figuring out who pays for what at your company, and dealing with the inevitable conflicts between the “enterprise” and business units. • Return-on-investment (ROI) and total-cost-of-ownership (TCO), the “I-see-no-compelling-reason-at-all-to-fund-this-project” twins – who really are your friends (so long as they stay on their medication).

Thermoeconomic Optimization of a Combined Heating and Humidification Coil for HVAC Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Teodoros ◽  
Bjarne Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Air Handling Unit ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Optimization Function ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe total cost of ownership is calculated for a combined heating and humidification coil of an air-handling unit taking into account investment and operation costs simultaneously. This total cost represents the optimization function for which the minimum is sought. The parameters for the cost dependencies are the physical dimensions of the coil: length, width and height. The term “coil” is used generically since in this setup it generates heating as well as humidification in a single unit. The first part of the paper deals with the constructive optimization and finds the relationship between the dimensions for a minimum cost. The second part of the paper takes the results of the constructive optimization further and, based on the data derived in our previous papers, analyzes the minimum total cost for the humidification coil while balancing the amount of water used to humidify the air and modify its temperature.

scholarly journals Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhan Topal ◽  
İsmail Nakir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
The World ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Zero Emission

As across the world, in Turkey, several studies have been carried out by local government to use sustainable and 100% zero-emission public transport following increased public awareness. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to transportation systems in the world make it necessary to establish “zero-emission sustainable transportation systems” in Turkey. In this study, an economic analysis based on actual field data is presented for Istanbul Electricity, Tramway and Tunnel General Management (IETT) to seek the suitability of an electric bus concept for Istanbul conditions. For this purpose, a dynamic model based on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) from well to wheel has been proposed for the three groups of transportation, namely diesel, CNG (compressed natural gas) and electric buses. The data source used in the proposed approach is created by performing actual field performance tests for diesel, CNG and electric buses under real Istanbul road, time, and trip conditions. Afterwards, the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PB) methods considering TCO values and updated unit prices are carried out for the investment versus profitability analyses to compare the different public bus concepts. The results show that the electric bus concept with a charging station depot achieving sustainable and zero-emission goals will be the driving force to advance the electric bus concept for Istanbul Public Transport.

Thermocouple Protection Tube Options for Aluminium Casthouses

2011 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Peter Herd ◽  
Jim Chen
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Protection Tube ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Continuous Temperature

Thermocouple Protection Tubes (TCPTs) are utilised to allow continuous temperature monitoring in harsh and demanding environments for remote monitoring and process control. Choice of optimum TCPT for an application is dependent on a thorough understanding of the operating environment, characteristics of the TCPTs available and an assessment of the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the different options, including the cost of the particular thermocouple being protected.

scholarly journals Analysis of Optimal Charging Points Location and Storage Capacity for Hybrid and Electric Buses

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Victor Isaac Herrera Perez ◽  
Josu Olmos ◽  
Jon Ander López ◽  
Haizea Gaztañaga
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Total Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Optimization Methodology

In order to be attractive in a very competitive market, hybrid electric buses and full electric buses need to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) compared to conventional buses. In this regard, the sizing of the onboard energy storage and the charging infrastructure becomes a key design stage. An optimal onboard storage and charging facilities are necessary to offer an appropriate vehicle autonomy, but they involve high investment costs for the manufacturer and fleet operator. Furthermore, the complex interrelations between these parameters make the best-performed system design a challenging process. To face this issue, the paper proposes an optimization methodology for the onboard storage capacity sizing, charging points rate and charging points location, aiming a total cost of ownership improvement for hybrid and full electric bus routes. As case study, several routes have been selected in the city of Donostia (Spain) to techno-economically evaluate the proposed methodology regarding factors such as: onboard storage cost, charging infrastructure cost, fuel cost, and electricity-grid cost.

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