scholarly journals Exploring the Internationalisation of  Chinese Privately-owned Enterprises (POEs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Churu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Privately Owned

<p>Internationalisation has long been a focus of research among international business scholars. However, there is little knowledge about Chinese firms' internationalisation processes. This study is based on the premise that Chinese firms may have different international behaviours, compared to Western firms, given China's distinctive institutional and cultural environments. To test this argument, this thesis examines Chinese firms' internationalisation rationales, approaches and influential factors. It focuses on small and medium-sized privately-owned enterprises (POEs) that are actively engaged in international operations. Interviews were conducted with decision makers of six POEs from four industries, including the telecommunications networks, electronics, meters, and textiles. These firms were located in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. The data collected were analysed using within-case and cross-case analysis approaches. Findings were then compared to extant literature, including the Uppsala's internationalisation process model (U-model) and the theory associated with international new ventures (INVs). The findings presented here indicate that the Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours are not particularly different from their Western counterparts. Even though neither the U-model nor the INVs framework alone could fully capture the complexities of the Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes, both demonstrate their applicability in different ways. The study develops 15 propositions that should enable researchers to develop a better understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for theory development and future research, as well as managerial implications. This case study contributes to a wider theoretical understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours.</p>

scholarly journals Exploring the Internationalisation of  Chinese Privately-owned Enterprises (POEs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Churu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Privately Owned

<p>Internationalisation has long been a focus of research among international business scholars. However, there is little knowledge about Chinese firms' internationalisation processes. This study is based on the premise that Chinese firms may have different international behaviours, compared to Western firms, given China's distinctive institutional and cultural environments. To test this argument, this thesis examines Chinese firms' internationalisation rationales, approaches and influential factors. It focuses on small and medium-sized privately-owned enterprises (POEs) that are actively engaged in international operations. Interviews were conducted with decision makers of six POEs from four industries, including the telecommunications networks, electronics, meters, and textiles. These firms were located in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. The data collected were analysed using within-case and cross-case analysis approaches. Findings were then compared to extant literature, including the Uppsala's internationalisation process model (U-model) and the theory associated with international new ventures (INVs). The findings presented here indicate that the Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours are not particularly different from their Western counterparts. Even though neither the U-model nor the INVs framework alone could fully capture the complexities of the Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes, both demonstrate their applicability in different ways. The study develops 15 propositions that should enable researchers to develop a better understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation processes. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for theory development and future research, as well as managerial implications. This case study contributes to a wider theoretical understanding of Chinese POEs' internationalisation behaviours.</p>

A game theoretic approach to optimal pricing of flights and passengers at congested airports

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ata Allah Taleizadeh ◽  
Moeen Sammak Jalali ◽  
Shib Sankar Sana
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Congestion Pricing ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Game Theoretic

Purpose This paper aims to embark a mathematical model based on investigation and comparison of airport pricing policies under various types of competition, considering both per-passenger and per-flight charges at congested airports. Design/methodology/approach In this model, four-game theoretic strategies are assessed and closed-form formulas have been proved for each of the mentioned strategies. Numerical examples and graphical representations of the optimal solutions are provided to illustrate the models. Findings The rectitude of the presented formulas is evaluated with sensitivity analysis and numerical examples have been put forward. Finally, managerial implications are suggested by means of the proposed analysis. Research limitations/implications The represented model is inherently limited to investigate all the available and influential factors in the field of congestion pricing. With this regard, several studies can be implemented as the future research of this study. The applications of other game theoretic approaches such as Cartel games and its combination with the four mentioned games seem to be worthwhile. Moreover, it is recommended to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed model and formulations with a large-scale database. Originality/value The authors formulate a novel strategy that put forwards a four-game theoretic strategy, which helps managers to select the best suitable ones for their specific airline and/or air traveling companies. The authors find that by means of the proposed model, the application of Stackelberg–Bertrand behavior in the field of airport congestion pricing will rebound to a more profitable strategy in contrast with the other three represented methods.

scholarly journals Have we made it? Investigating value-creating strategies in early internationalizing ventures

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo V. Turcan ◽  
Anita Juho
Keyword(s):  
International Entrepreneurship ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Dynamic Capability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Organizational Survival ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Early Internationalization ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Survival And Growth

Purpose The extant research on early internationalizing ventures focuses primarily on these ventures’ start-up phase or their initial internationalization. Scarce attention is paid to how these ventures grow, if at all, beyond their start-up phase or initial internationalization phase. This paper aims to explore how international new ventures transition from the internationalizing phase to the phase of being international, and whether they actually made it to that phase. Understanding whether and how these ventures reach their “made-it” point would contribute to our understanding of how early internationalization affects a venture’s survival and growth. In this, the authors draw on the dynamic capability theory of the firm. Design/methodology/approach Given the scarcity of theoretical understanding and empirical evidence in this substantive area of research, the authors adopted a multiple case study methodology for the purpose of theory building. Following an intensity sampling strategy, they purposefully selected information-rich, but not extreme two-case companies. The authors initially collected unobtrusive data in the form of running records and mass-media news reports from the inception of the case companies. They then conducted in-depth interviews with key decision makers of the case companies, namely, their co-founders and CEOs. Critical incident technique guidelines for data analysis were employed. Findings Grounded in data, the following constructs emerged related to value creation: strategic experimentation, gestalt tensions and legitimacy lies. Entrepreneurs experiment with and reconfigure their venture at several levels: goal (vision), decision (strategic) and behavioral (tactical) levels of the organizational gestalt to reach a threshold level of practiced activity. Entrepreneurs’ strategic experimentation efforts are fueled by tensions that exist at these three levels of the organizational gestalt. During this experimentation process, entrepreneurs may tell legitimacy lies to legitimate their ventures in the eyes of their stakeholders. Research limitations/implications Given the instrument the authors used to explore the issues and concerns identified above, the results are limited in scope. However, a number of questions and conjectures are put forward to guide future research in this currently under-researched area of international entrepreneurship. The authors have also suggested using the concept of turning point in future research to advance the understanding of the dynamic capability view of international new ventures. Practical implications Understanding whether and how international new ventures reach their made-it points would contribute to the understanding of how early internationalization affects international new ventures’ organizational survival and growth. Originality/value The authors have put forward the concept of the made-it point to aid international entrepreneurship researchers to investigate the continued growth, evolutionary patterns and the organizational survival of international new ventures.

scholarly journals Different perspectives on internationalization research: a bibliometric review

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-118
Author(s):  
João Carvalho Santos ◽  
Hortênsia Karl Barandas ◽  
Francisco Vitorino Martins
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
International Business Research ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
Eclectic Paradigm ◽  
One Year

A wealth of research has addressed the internationalization of firms using different theories and conceptual perspectives. This paper examines the extant research on internationalization specifically delving into seven streams of research: Market Power, Evolutionary Model, Internalization Transaction Cost, Eclectic Paradigm, Resource-Based View, Institutional and International New Ventures Born Global. Methodologically we conduct a bibliometric review in six leading journals recognized for publishing International Business (IB) research, during a forty one year period, from 1970 to 2010. Using citations and co-citations analyses on a sample of 1,459 articles, we sought to better understand the internationalization approaches and how they are interconnected, by examining its growth over time, the most used approaches, the works that have had the greatest impact, and the intellectual interconnections among authors. We conclude that there is no dominant approach in International Business research, albeit the Evolutionary Model has been the most cited - in almost 26% of the extant research, specially the paper– “The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitment”, by Johanson and Vahlne (1977). We present a broad discussion and point out limitations and directions for future research.

scholarly journals Consolidating and advancing knowledge on the post-entry performance of international new ventures

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 741-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Ibeh ◽  
Marian V Jones ◽  
Olli Kuivalainen
Keyword(s):  
New Ventures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Learning Capabilities ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
Intensity Spread

This article introduces the Special Issue on post-entry performance of international new ventures (INVs), including the selected papers. It consolidates empirical knowledge on this topic area, particularly regarding the themes addressed in the Special Issue’s studies. These pertain to the influence on post-entry performance of the geographic scope, post-internationalisation speed dimensions of international intensity, spread, and diversity, learning capabilities, network resources, niche strategy, internationalisation timing and commitment mode of INVs. The article also addresses the issues associated with measuring post-entry performance among INVs and discusses next steps and future research implications.

Networking, business process innovativeness and export performance: the case of South Asian low-tech industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 864-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisur R. Faroque ◽  
Sussie C. Morrish ◽  
Ahmed Shahriar Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Business Process ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of business process innovativeness in the networking-export performance relationship in a developing country low-tech industry setting. Most innovation research in international business and entrepreneurship is conducted on high-tech industries in developed countries. Less research has focused on the low-tech industry context. This study bridges this research gap by testing whether international new ventures’ (INVs) networking resources impact their export performance through business process innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach The study tests the link between low-tech INVs’ networking, business process innovativeness and export performance using a sample of 647 export start-up apparel firms in Bangladesh, the second largest apparel exporter in the world. Findings The results recognize that an INV entrepreneur’s personal and inter-firm networking are directly and positively related to business process innovativeness and export performance. The findings also indicate that business process innovativeness acts as a mediator only between an INV’s inter-firm networking and its export performance. Research limitations/implications The study was undertaken in a Bangladeshi low-tech industry setting-the apparel sector; thus, future research may include data collection from a range of industries across countries. Data collected for the purpose of this study used a cross-sectional research design, and this may only have confirmed the relationships in the model and not causality between the constructs. Practical implications The findings highlight that low-tech INVs should focus more on leveraging their personal and inter-firm networking resources, as this should result in improved export performance. The results also provide directives for INVs in regard to improving their business process innovativeness to achieve increased performance. Originality/value The study is not only carried out in the context of low-tech early internationalizing firms (i.e. INVs), but also contributes to theory and practice by testing whether INVs’ networking resources (personal and inter-firm) have an impact on business process innovativeness, which in turn leads to improved performance.

How Do Entrepreneurs Develop Business Models in Small High-Tech Ventures? An Exploratory Model from Australian IT Firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Najmaei
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Business Modelling ◽  
Strategic Commitment ◽  
New Business ◽  
Managerial Implications

AbstractThe objective of this article is to explore and explain how entrepreneurs develop new business models for new ventures. Though highly topical, there is little solid empirical knowledge of this issue. Findings from multiple case studies of firms operating in the Australian cloud-computing ecosystem reveal that developing a new business model involves three phases. In the first phase (business modelling ideation (BMI)), various ideas for a viable business model are generated and the most viable one is chosen. The strategic consensus and commitment are generated in the second phase, labelled as the “business modelling strategic commitment” (BMSC). The third phase, labelled as the “business model actualization” (BMAC) is the market-testing phase where the business model is reified or actualized. The theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed and several directions for future research are suggested.

Ownership Concentration and Product Innovation in Chinese Firms: The Mediating Role of Learning Orientation

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Hai Guo ◽  
Yaqun Yi ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Product Innovation ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Ownership Concentration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Learning Orientation ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Firm Innovation ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Managerial Implications

AbstractDrawing on institutional theory, this study empirically examines the relationship between a firm's levels of ownership concentration and product innovation and the mediating effect of learning orientation, using a sample of 351 Chinese firms. Does ownership concentration hinder or promote firm innovation? Perspectives on this relationship are divergent. This study examines the link between ownership concentration and product innovation and further examines whether and how ownership influences firm innovation through organizational learning. The results suggest that ownership concentration has an inverse U-shaped relationship to product innovation and to learning orientation. In addition, learning orientation mediates the curvilinear relationship between ownership concentration and product innovation. We discuss the study's contributions, managerial implications and directions for future research.

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Selected Marketing Efforts in Brand Equity Creation and Its Cross-Cultural Invariance in Emerging Markets

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Twum Asare ◽  
Shen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Brand Management ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Brand Knowledge ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Invariance Test

In the field of brand management, numerous studies have been conducted on brand equity conceptualization, measurement and validation. Also, previous researchers have shown that consumer-based brand equity via its dimensions can be created and maintained through a company’s marketing mix activities. Brand equity according to Keller, is the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing activities performed on the brand. Due to cultural differences, consumers’ reaction will differ and thus these marketing efforts will have varying results in different markets.Drawn from both Aaker’s & Keller’s conceptualizations of brand equity, the current study develops a brand equity creation process model similar to Yoo et al.’s and examines its cross-cultural invariance through a structural invariance test using data from two important growing markets—Ghana and China. Results prove that some marketing efforts and dimensions of brand equity have invariant effects on brand equity across the Ghana and Chinese samples. Specifically, the effect of price on perceived quality was not equivalent in both markets. Relationship among brand equity dimensions were also not equivalent, however these dimensions all show an equivalent, positive effect on brand equity. Managerial implications for international brands and limitations for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals An ethnographic study of new venture and new sector legitimation

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo V. Turcan ◽  
Norman M. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
New Venture ◽  
International New Ventures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
New Industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of legitimation of international new ventures (INVs) from an emerging economy and the effect such ventures have on the process of creation and legitimation of a new industry in that economy. Design/methodology/approach – It is a longitudinal ethnographic case study. Following an inductive theory building approach, data were collected over an 11-year period via in-depth interviews, participant observations and unobtrusive data. Findings – Data reveal three different contexts in which legitimation takes place: legitimation of the new industry and of the new venture domestically and internationally. A new venture drives the process of industry legitimation by achieving legitimacy threshold first nationally at meso and micro levels as well as internationally. The challenge therefore for such a venture is to establish legitimacy in the absence of any precedents at the organization, industry or international levels. Unless at least one new venture achieves legitimacy threshold in a new industry there is no possibility for that industry to become institutionalized. Research limitations/implications – The authors advocate for further research at the intersection between legitimation, international entrepreneurship and emerging markets in order to further advance the emergent theory. Practical implications – The data suggest that in order for an INV to achieve cognitive legitimacy and socio-political legitimacy in an emerging industry located in an emerging economy, and successfully internationalize, it shall design a robust business model targeting both internal and external stakeholders; engage in persuasive argumentation invoking familiar cues and scripts; engage in political negotiations promoting and defending incentive and operating mechanisms; and overcome the country-of-origin effect by pursuing technology legitimation strategy. Social implications – Governments and NGOs may wish to see new industries emerge but they lack the means and mandate to establish and lead them themselves, instead rely on enabling actions, such as investment in capacity building. However, building capacity for an as-yet non-existent industry in an emerging economy may prove to be counter-productive, driving a brain drain of qualified workers who are forced to migrate to find suitable work. The work leads the authors to speculate about whether there may be a role for investment in programs of industry legitimacy building in pursuit of public policy objectives. Originality/value – The study puts forward a process model of new industry legitimation. The model theorizes the process of change from an initial condition in which an industry does not exist to a final condition in which it is institutionalized. The model addresses the case where the initial catalyst is the formation of an INV that is the seed for the birth of the industry. Since both the new venture and the new industry lack cognitive and socio-political legitimacies, the model theorizes temporal emergence of these at organizational and industry levels, leading ultimately to institutionalization.

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