scholarly journals Unraveling the secret life of cryptic algal species: evolution, phylogeography and eco-physiology of the red alga, Bostrychia intricata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Narongrit Muangmai
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biogeographic History

<p>Molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to unravel the evolutionary history and hidden diversity of species, and to explain how historical events have helped to shape the demography and dispersal of populations. Cryptic species are typically defined as two or more genetically distinct species that are morphologically indistinguishable. The discovery of cryptic diversity has become a challenge for biologists in understanding the species concepts and biodiversity patterns. Many current studies have revealed the existence of cryptic species, but few studies have focused on their ecological and biological aspects.  Bostrychia, a filamentous red alga, has long been used as a model system for studies of evolutionary process and biogeographic history. In the Southern Hemisphere, there are four endemic species: B. arbuscula, B. gracilis, B. intricata and B. vaga. Bostrychia intricata is widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas the other three species have more restricted distributions. The aim of this study was to reveal the evolutionary history, phylogeographic pattern and eco-physiological trait within B. intricata.  Phylogenetic analysis based on combined data (mitochondrial COI, chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 28S) strongly supported the monophyly of the four Southern Hemisphere Bostrychia species, with B. vaga as a sister species to the other three. Multigene phylogeny and COI-based species delimitation revealed cryptic species diversity within B. intricata and B. vaga. Additionally, a COI-based phylogeographic study indicated the existence of three cryptic B. intricata species (N2, N4 and N5) in New Zealand. Population analyses demonstrated that cryptic species N2 populations recently expanded, possibly after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while N4 was more diverse, showing a stable population, which possibly persisted during the LGM. The results suggested that the contrasting pattern in population structure and demographic histories between cryptic species was probably due to the difference in the evolutionary history and survival ability.  Growth experiments clearly showed that cryptic species N4 had a significantly higher specific growth rate than other two species, N2 and N5, in different salinities and temperature, suggesting physiologically differentiation between these cryptic species. Additionally, the small-scale distribution of B. intricata at Moa Point, Wellington of three cryptic species showed that N4 was found at the higher tidal position than species N2 and N5. Cryptic species N2 occurred in more wave-exposed areas than other two species. These results suggest spatial niche differences between cryptic species, possibly allowing them to sympatrically co-exist. This study highlights the fact that cryptic species are distinctly different in many biological characteristics, while maintaining \identical morphologies.</p>

scholarly journals Unraveling the secret life of cryptic algal species: evolution, phylogeography and eco-physiology of the red alga, Bostrychia intricata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Narongrit Muangmai
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biogeographic History

<p>Molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to unravel the evolutionary history and hidden diversity of species, and to explain how historical events have helped to shape the demography and dispersal of populations. Cryptic species are typically defined as two or more genetically distinct species that are morphologically indistinguishable. The discovery of cryptic diversity has become a challenge for biologists in understanding the species concepts and biodiversity patterns. Many current studies have revealed the existence of cryptic species, but few studies have focused on their ecological and biological aspects.  Bostrychia, a filamentous red alga, has long been used as a model system for studies of evolutionary process and biogeographic history. In the Southern Hemisphere, there are four endemic species: B. arbuscula, B. gracilis, B. intricata and B. vaga. Bostrychia intricata is widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas the other three species have more restricted distributions. The aim of this study was to reveal the evolutionary history, phylogeographic pattern and eco-physiological trait within B. intricata.  Phylogenetic analysis based on combined data (mitochondrial COI, chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 28S) strongly supported the monophyly of the four Southern Hemisphere Bostrychia species, with B. vaga as a sister species to the other three. Multigene phylogeny and COI-based species delimitation revealed cryptic species diversity within B. intricata and B. vaga. Additionally, a COI-based phylogeographic study indicated the existence of three cryptic B. intricata species (N2, N4 and N5) in New Zealand. Population analyses demonstrated that cryptic species N2 populations recently expanded, possibly after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while N4 was more diverse, showing a stable population, which possibly persisted during the LGM. The results suggested that the contrasting pattern in population structure and demographic histories between cryptic species was probably due to the difference in the evolutionary history and survival ability.  Growth experiments clearly showed that cryptic species N4 had a significantly higher specific growth rate than other two species, N2 and N5, in different salinities and temperature, suggesting physiologically differentiation between these cryptic species. Additionally, the small-scale distribution of B. intricata at Moa Point, Wellington of three cryptic species showed that N4 was found at the higher tidal position than species N2 and N5. Cryptic species N2 occurred in more wave-exposed areas than other two species. These results suggest spatial niche differences between cryptic species, possibly allowing them to sympatrically co-exist. This study highlights the fact that cryptic species are distinctly different in many biological characteristics, while maintaining \identical morphologies.</p>

scholarly journals Cryptic species in sympatry: Nonrandom small-scale distribution patterns in Bostrychia intricata (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Muangmai ◽  
U Von Ammon ◽  
Giuseppe Zuccarello
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Multiple Samples

© 2016 International Phycological Society. Sympatric coexistence of cryptic species, indistinguishable morphological taxa, has increasingly been detected on the basis of molecular data. This discovery raises the interesting question of how cryptic species can coexist, as hypothetically they would need identical ecological resources. The red alga Bostrychia intricata is commonly found along New Zealand shores. Previous studies indicated several cryptic species within this morphospecies, and that some populations have multiple species. This study aimed to determine how coexisting cryptic B. intricata distribute at a small scale. Along the shore of Moa Point, Wellington, we conducted intensive sampling of B. intricata in different habitats with respect to tidal position, wave and sun exposure levels. Our genetic data clearly documented the coexistence of three cryptic species of B. intricata: N2, N4 and N5. Multiple samples from individual algal patches indicated that each patch was made of the same ramet. Our analyses revealed a habitat-related pattern in small-scale distribution of different cryptic B. intricata, suggesting that the distribution of these cryptic species was not random. Cryptic species N4 was found at a higher tidal position than species N2 and N5, whereas cryptic species N2 occurred in more wave-exposed areas than the other species. Discriminant analysis indicated that tidal height strongly influenced the distribution pattern among these cryptic species. Our observations demonstrated that the co-occurrence of three cryptic B. intricata can partly be explained by their occupation of different intertidal habitats, highlighting the nonrandom distribution of coexisting cryptic algal species.

scholarly journals Evidence for Miocene overwater colonization in CaribbeanCyrtognathaspiders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemen Čandek ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta Binford ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Species Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Island Endemics ◽  
Mtdna Phylogeny ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractIsland systems provide excellent arenas to test evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to gene flow and diversification of dispersal-limited organisms. Here we focus on an orbweaver spider genusCyrtognatha(Tetragnathidae) from the Caribbean, with the aims to reconstruct its evolutionary history, describe its biogeographic history in the archipelago, and to estimate the timing and route of Caribbean colonization. Specifically, we test ifCyrtognathabiogeographic history is consistent with an ancient vicariant scenario (the GAARlandia landbridge hypothesis) or overwater dispersal. We reconstructed a species level phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (CO1) and one nuclear (28S) marker. We then used this topology to constrain a time-calibrated mtDNA phylogeny, for subsequent biogeographical analyses of over 100 originally sampledCyrtognathaindividuals. Our results suggest a monophyletic radiation of CaribbeanCyrtognatha, containing 11 to 14 species that are exclusively single island endemics. Our analyses refute vicariance and instead support an overwater colonization to the Caribbean in mid-Miocene. Having colonized Hispaniola first,Cyrtognathasubsequently dispersed to, and diversified on, the other islands of the Greater, and Lesser Antilles.

scholarly journals Cryptic species in sympatry: Nonrandom small-scale distribution patterns in Bostrychia intricata (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Muangmai ◽  
U Von Ammon ◽  
Giuseppe Zuccarello
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Multiple Samples

© 2016 International Phycological Society. Sympatric coexistence of cryptic species, indistinguishable morphological taxa, has increasingly been detected on the basis of molecular data. This discovery raises the interesting question of how cryptic species can coexist, as hypothetically they would need identical ecological resources. The red alga Bostrychia intricata is commonly found along New Zealand shores. Previous studies indicated several cryptic species within this morphospecies, and that some populations have multiple species. This study aimed to determine how coexisting cryptic B. intricata distribute at a small scale. Along the shore of Moa Point, Wellington, we conducted intensive sampling of B. intricata in different habitats with respect to tidal position, wave and sun exposure levels. Our genetic data clearly documented the coexistence of three cryptic species of B. intricata: N2, N4 and N5. Multiple samples from individual algal patches indicated that each patch was made of the same ramet. Our analyses revealed a habitat-related pattern in small-scale distribution of different cryptic B. intricata, suggesting that the distribution of these cryptic species was not random. Cryptic species N4 was found at a higher tidal position than species N2 and N5, whereas cryptic species N2 occurred in more wave-exposed areas than the other species. Discriminant analysis indicated that tidal height strongly influenced the distribution pattern among these cryptic species. Our observations demonstrated that the co-occurrence of three cryptic B. intricata can partly be explained by their occupation of different intertidal habitats, highlighting the nonrandom distribution of coexisting cryptic algal species.

scholarly journals Phylogenomic history of enigmatic pygmy perches: implications for biogeography, taxonomy and conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 172125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean J. Buckley ◽  
Fabricius M. C. B. Domingos ◽  
Catherine R. M. Attard ◽  
Chris J. Brauer ◽  
Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Mitochondrial Data ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arid Habitat ◽  
East West

Pygmy perches (Percichthyidae) are a group of poorly dispersing freshwater fishes that have a puzzling biogeographic disjunction across southern Australia. Current understanding of pygmy perch phylogenetic relationships suggests past east–west migrations across a vast expanse of now arid habitat in central southern Australia, a region lacking contemporary rivers. Pygmy perches also represent a threatened group with confusing taxonomy and potentially cryptic species diversity. Here, we present the first study of the evolutionary history of pygmy perches based on genome-wide information. Data from 13 991 ddRAD loci and a concatenated sequence of 1 075 734 bp were generated for all currently described and potentially cryptic species. Phylogenetic relationships, biogeographic history and cryptic diversification were inferred using a framework that combines phylogenomics, species delimitation and estimation of divergence times. The genome-wide phylogeny clarified the biogeographic history of pygmy perches, demonstrating multiple east–west events of divergence within the group across the Australian continent. These results also resolved discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial data from a previous study. In addition, we propose three cryptic species within a southwestern species complex. The finding of potentially new species demonstrates that pygmy perches may be even more susceptible to ecological and demographic threats than previously thought. Our results have substantial implications for improving conservation legislation of pygmy perch lineages, especially in southwestern Western Australia.

The Use of Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate to Treat Off-Flavor in Commercial Catfish Ponds

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
Catfish Ponds ◽  
Pond Ecology ◽  
Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate

Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (SCP) was applied to seven commercial catfish ponds in Mississippi to study the effects of treatment on fish flavor and pond ecology. The seven ponds were treated on alternate days in the morning with two doses of SCP at 55 kg hectare−1 (average depth 1-1.6 m). In three of the ponds, a potent 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) producing planktonic Oscillatoria chalybea-like species that was initially present was absent from the water column after treatment. In addition, the fish from two of these ponds were judged on-flavor 7 to 10 days after treatment. The off-flavor chemicals in three other ponds were diminished when measured seven days after treatment and fish were harvested from two of these ponds 10-14 days after treatment. The fish from the other two ponds were harvested 21 days after treatment. In the sixth pond, the predominant algal species was a 2-methylisoborneol producing O. chalybea-like species at 380 cells ml−1 and the treatment was ineffective. The treatment was most successful when off-flavor was less than two months duration and where application of the chemical was accomplished uniformly over the entire pond surface.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

scholarly journals The oldest hexanchiform shark from the Southern Hemisphere (Neoselachii; Early Cretaceous, Antarctica)

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Luis Cione ◽  
Francisco Medina
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
The Other ◽  
James Ross Island

AbstractThe oldest record of the hexanchiform sharks from the Southern Hemisphere and the second chondrichthyan report known from Carboniferous to Early Cretaceous beds in Antarctica is given. The material was collected in late Aptian rocks of the Kotick Point Formation outcropping in the western part of James Ross Island, near Antarctic Peninsula. It consists of an isolated tooth assignable to a hexanchiform different from the other described genera. The tooth shows putative plesiomorphic cusp (few cusps, no serrations) and apomorphic root characters (relatively deep, quadrangular). It could be related to a species close to the origin ofHexanchus(unknown in beds older than Cenomanian).

scholarly journals Theology at Thresholds: Learning from a Practice ‘In Transition’

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muers ◽  
Rhiannon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Theological Ethics ◽  
Reciprocal Influence ◽  
Core Practices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Collective Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Recent developments in contemporary theology and theological ethics have directed academic attention to the interrelationships of theological claims, on the one hand, and core community-forming practices, on the other. This article considers the value for theology of attending to practice at the boundaries, the margins, or, as we prefer to express it, the threshold of a community’s institutional or liturgical life. We argue that marginal or threshold practices can offer insights into processes of theological change – and into the mediation between, and reciprocal influence of, ‘church’ and ‘world’. Our discussion focuses on an example from contemporary British Quakerism. ‘Threshing meetings’ are occasions at which an issue can be ‘threshed out’ as part of a collective process of decision-making. Drawing on a 2015 small-scale study (using a survey and focus group) of British Quaker attitudes to and experiences of threshing meetings, set in the wider context of Quaker tradition, we interpret these meetings as a space for working through – in context and over time – tensions within Quaker theology, practice and self-understandings, particularly those that emerge within, and in relation to, core practices of Quaker decision-making.

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