scholarly journals Perceptions of procedural justice and police legitimacy: A life history perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jody Dorgan
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Prior Arrest

<p>Prior research on attitudes towards the police has largely focused on the relationship between demographic factors and perceptions of the police. These studies have produced inconclusive results, and there is no general consensus why and how demographic factors account for individual differences in attitudes towards the police. Life history theory, a “middle-level” evolutionary theory, is one that has largely been neglected in mainstream criminology, but has been used in the current research to explain individual differences in attitudes towards the police. Two studies, both using an online survey, were conducted to explore the extent to which life history strategy explained individual attitudes towards procedural justice, police legitimacy and police socialization after controlling for demographic factors, previous police interaction and prior arrest. Study one, a university sample of 305 participants and study two, a general population sample of 75 Wellington residents both found support for the application of life history theory being used to explain individual differences in attitudes towards the police. Overall, the current research showed that those with a slower life history strategy were more likely hold more positive perceptions of police legitimacy, procedural justice and police socialization regardless of demographic factors, previous police interaction, and prior arrest.</p>

Life History Strategies

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-126
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Basic Model

The chapter introduces the basics of life history theory, the concept of life history strategy, and the fast–slow continuum of variation. After reviewing applications to animal behavior and physiology, the chapter reviews current theory and evidence on individual differences in humans as manifestations of alternative life history strategies. The chapter first presents a “basic model” of human life history–related traits, then advances an “extended model” that identifies multiple cognitive-behavioral profiles within fast and slow strategies. Specifically, it is proposed that slow strategies comprise prosocial/caregiving and skilled/provisioning profiles, whereas fast strategies comprise antisocial/exploitative and seductive/creative profiles. The chapter also reviews potential neurobiological markers of life history variation and considers key methodological issues in this area.

Moral motives, police legitimacy and acceptance of force

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-815
Author(s):  
Jasmine R. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Legitimacy Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Moral Motive

PurposeThis study extends legitimacy theory by examining individualizing and binding moral motives and perceptions of police.Design/methodology/approachData are drawn from an online survey of the public (N = 961). OLS regression is used to predict global perceptions of legitimacy, as well as department legitimacy and acceptance of force in an experimental vignette that manipulates procedural justice.FindingsThe binding moral motive is associated with greater global and department legitimacy and acceptance of force. The individualizing moral motive is associated with reduced global legitimacy and acceptance of force, and with department legitimacy when procedural justice is low. Perceptions of legitimacy mediate the effects of the binding moral motive on acceptance of force and of the individualizing moral motive when procedural justice is low.Research limitations/implicationsThis study identifies novel antecedents of police legitimacy and acceptance of force (i.e. binding and individualizing moral motives).Social implicationsThis study provides insight into public attitudes regarding use of force.Originality/valueThis study is the first to propose and test a link between binding and individualizing moral motives and perceptions of police.

scholarly journals Live Fast, Die Young, and Sleep Later: Life History Strategy and Human Sleep Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahe Dishakjian ◽  
Daniel M T Fessler ◽  
Adam Maxwell Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Sleep Behaviors

Abstract Background and objectives Life History Theory (LHT) describes trade-offs that organisms make with regard to three investment pathways: growth, maintenance, and reproduction. In light of the reparative functions of sleep, we examine sleep behaviors and corresponding attitudes as proximate manifestations of an individual’s underlying relative prioritization of short-term reproduction versus long-term maintenance. Methodology We collected survey data from 568 participants across two online studies having different participant pools. We use a mixture of segmented and hierarchical regression models, structural equation modeling, and machine learning to infer relationships between sleep duration/quality, attitudes about sleep, and biodemographic/psychometric measures of life history strategy (LHS). Results An age-mediated U- or V-shaped relationship appears when LHS is plotted against habitual sleep duration, with the fastest strategies occupying the sections of the curve with the highest mortality risk: &lt; 6.5 hours (short sleep) and &gt; 8.5 hours (long sleep). LH “fastness” is associated with increased sleepiness and worse overall sleep quality: delayed sleep onset latency, more wakefulness after sleep onset, higher sleep-wake instability, and greater sleep duration variability. Hedonic valuations of sleep may mediate the effects of LHS on certain sleep parameters. Conclusions and implications The costs of deprioritizing maintenance can be parameterized in the domain of sleep, where “life history fastness” corresponds with sleep patterns associated with greater senescence and mortality. Individual differences in sleep having significant health implications can thus be understood as components of lifelong trajectories likely stemming from calibration to developmental circumstances. Relatedly, hedonic valuations of sleep may constitute useful avenues for non-pharmacological management of chronic sleep disorders. LAY Summary Sleep is essential because it allows the body to repair and maintain itself. But time spent sleeping is time that cannot be spent doing other things. People differ in how much they prioritize immediate rewards, including sociosexual opportunities, versus long-term goals. In this research, we show that individual differences in sleep behaviors, and attitudes toward sleep, correspond with psychological and behavioral differences reflecting such differing priorities. Orientation toward sleep can thus be understood as part of the overall lifetime strategies that people pursue.

scholarly journals Individual differences in talking enjoyment: The roles of life history strategy and mate value

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1395310
Author(s):  
Shelia M. Kennison ◽  
Jennifer Byrd-Craven ◽  
Stacey L. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Mate Value

scholarly journals Too risky to settle: avian community structure changes in response to perceived predation risk on adults and offspring

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20130762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyuan Hua ◽  
Robert J. Fletcher ◽  
Kathryn E. Sieving ◽  
Robert M. Dorazio
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Potential Force ◽  
Perceived Predation Risk

Predation risk is widely hypothesized as an important force structuring communities, but this potential force is rarely tested experimentally, particularly in terrestrial vertebrate communities. How animals respond to predation risk is generally considered predictable from species life-history and natural-history traits, but rigorous tests of these predictions remain scarce. We report on a large-scale playback experiment with a forest bird community that addresses two questions: (i) does perceived predation risk shape the richness and composition of a breeding bird community? And (ii) can species life-history and natural-history traits predict prey community responses to different types of predation risk? On 9 ha plots, we manipulated cues of three avian predators that preferentially prey on either adult birds or offspring, or both, throughout the breeding season. We found that increased perception of predation risk led to generally negative responses in the abundance, occurrence and/or detection probability of most prey species, which in turn reduced the species richness and shifted the composition of the breeding bird community. Species-level responses were largely predicted from the key natural-history trait of body size, but we did not find support for the life-history theory prediction of the relationship between species' slow/fast life-history strategy and their response to predation risk.

Do Individual Differences Matter in the Way People View Police Legitimacy? A Partial Replication and Extension of Invariance Thesis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Lorraine Mazerolle ◽  
Alicia Pang
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Partial Replication ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Citizen Perceptions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The invariance thesis of police legitimacy argues that, regardless of individual differences, the more citizens perceive police as procedurally just and effective, the more they will see the police as a legitimate authority. Research primarily undertaken in the USA shows support for the invariance thesis with some nuanced findings for victims and those with prior police contact. This study conducts a partial replication and extension of the Wolfe et al.’s study (Wolfe, S., Nix, J., Kaminski, R., and Rojek, J. (2016). ‘Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy.’ Journal of Quantitative Criminology 32(2): 253–282) testing the invariance thesis, comparing the effects of citizen perceptions of procedural justice (PJ) and police effectiveness (PE) on perceptions of police legitimacy across individual characteristics in Australia. Using a survey of 4,167 residents across 148 communities, we find the effects of PJ perceptions on police legitimacy are largely invariant across individual differences. Yet contrary to previous research, our study finds that the impact of PE perceptions is not invariant and particularly matter for people with visible minority status.

scholarly journals No matter Where You Go, There You Are: The Genetic Foundations of Temporal Stability

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelio José Figueredo ◽  
Tomás Cabeza de Baca ◽  
Candace Black
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Behavior Genetic ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Shared Environmental Influence

We present empirical tests of the stability of individual differences over the lifespan using a novel methodological technique to combine behavior-genetic data from twin dyads with longitudinal measures of life history-related traits (including health and personality) from non-twin samples.  Using data from The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Longitudinal Survey, we constructed a series of “hybrid” models that permitted the estimation of both temporal stability parameters and behavior-genetic variance components to determine the contributions of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences.  Our results indicate that changes in a higher-order factor of life history strategy (Super-K, composed of the K-Factor, Covitality, and Personality) over the study period were very small in magnitude and that this temporal stability is under a considerable degree of shared genetic influence and a substantial degree of non-shared environmental influence, but a statistically non-significant degree of shared environmental influence.  Implications and future directions are discussed. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v5i1_figueredo

scholarly journals Tibetan Birds Lay Larger Eggs at the Cost of Egg Number

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Guo ◽  
Xin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Similar Body

Abstract Life history theory predicts that when breeding in harsh environments, selection favors organisms to allocate more energy into fewer offspring at the expense of offspring number. However, it is unclear whether such a trade-off remains evident in the presence of parental care, which might compromise the maternal investment to offspring quality. We address this question using a comparative approach for phylogenetically-paired passerines breeding in the Tibet Plateau vs. adjacent lowlands, the two systems that sharply differ in environmental hardness. While total biomass of eggs within a clutch became lighter towards Tibet, clutch size decreased and egg size increased. Tibetan birds were more time-constrained in breeding duration but had longer incubation and nestling periods than their lowland counterparts. Despite so, nestlings reared in Tibet were of similar body mass at fledging to those reared in lowlands. Therefore, more investment in fewer eggs as well as in incubation and provisioning young suggests that Tibetan birds are making the best of a bad job to ensure offspring survival under the hard conditions. This research supports a role of adaptive reproductive allocation by animals with parental care in the evolution of life history strategy along elevational gradients.

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