scholarly journals Mini Review: Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Unsaponifiable Matter from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
Angela Wulansari ◽  
Teti Estiasih ◽  
Yunianta Yunianta
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Unsaponifiable Matter ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Hypocholesterolemic Effect ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm fruit as raw material of palm oil is the main commodity of Indonesian agriculture. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of palm oil refinery process in deodorization stage. PFAD contained bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, phytosterols, and squalene. Vitamin E, phytosterols, and squalene have knows for its hypocholesterolemic effect and cardio protector. Bioactive compounds of PFAD can be separated from its fatty acid using saponification reaction. Saponification of PFAD produced unsaponifiable matter (USM) which was rich in bioactive compounds. Food fortification is aimed to enhance the nutrition quality of food for specific reason. The fortificant can be macronutrient or micronutrient. USM of PFAD potentially become food product fortificant which will give hypocholesterolemic effect. This review is discussed about hypocholesterolemic effect of each bioactive compounds in USM of PFAD and the potential of USM as food fortificant espsecially for food with hypocholesterolemic effect.

scholarly journals Development of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate-Containing Medium for Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas sp. LM19

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hamid Nurfarahin ◽  
Mohd Shamzi Mohamed ◽  
Lai Yee Phang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

High production costs of biosurfactants are mainly caused by the usage of the expensive substrate and long fermentation period which undermines their potential in bioremediation processes, food, and cosmetic industries even though they, owing to the biodegradability, lower toxicity, and raise specificity traits. One way to circumvent this is to improvise the formulation of biosurfactant-production medium by using cheaper substrate. A culture medium utilizing palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a palm oil refinery by-product, was first developed through one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and further refined by means of the statistical design method of factorial and response surface modeling to enhance the biosurfactant production from Pseudomonas sp. LM19. The results shows that, the optimized culture medium containing: 1.148% (v/v) PFAD; 4.054 g/L KH2PO4; 1.30 g/L yeast extract; 0.023 g/L sodium-EDTA; 1.057 g/L MgSO4·7H2O; 0.75 g/L K2HPO4; 0.20 g/L CaCl2·2H2O; 0.080 g/L FeCl3·6H2O gave the maximum biosurfactant productivity. This study demonstrated that the cell concentration and biosurfactant productivity could reach up to 8.5 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.346 g/L/day, respectively after seven days of growth, which were comparable to the values predicted by an RSM regression model, i.e., 8.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 0.347 g/L/day, respectively. Eleven rhamnolipid congeners were detected, in which dirhamnolipid accounted for 58% and monorhamnolipid was 42%. All in all, manipulation of palm oil by-products proved to be a feasible substrate for increasing the biosurfactant production about 3.55-fold as shown in this study.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) from Several Palm Oil Refineries

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teti Estiasih ◽  
Kgs. Ahmadi ◽  
Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih ◽  
Jaya Mahar Maligan ◽  
Ahmad Zaki Mubarok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Dry Fractionation Approach in Concentrating Tocopherols and Tocotrienols from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: A Green Pretreatment Process for Vitamin E Extraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong‐Anh Ngoc Doan ◽  
Tzyi‐Horng Tan ◽  
Lee Fong Siow ◽  
Beng Ti Tey ◽  
Eng Seng Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dry Fractionation ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

COMPARISON OF SELECTED ADSORBENTS FOR ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF VITAMIN E FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. CHU ◽  
B.S. BAHARIN ◽  
Y.B. CHE MAN ◽  
S.Y. QUEK
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals PELUANG PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE DARI INDUSTRI MINYAK SAWIT DALAM PEMBUATAN MONO-DIGLISERIDA The Opportunities of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate from Palm Oil Industry in Production of Mono-Diglyceride

Perspektif ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Kartika Okta Purnama ◽  
Dwi Setyaningsing ◽  
Erliza Hambali ◽  
Darmono Taniwiryono
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals INCORPORATION VITAMIN E FROM PFAD IN MATRIX OF MIXED GALAKTOMANAN KOLANG-KALING (Arenga pinnata) AND GUM ACASIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
REZA ZULMI ◽  
Jamaran Kaban ◽  
Juliati Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Iso 9001 ◽  
Gum Acacia ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Incorporation of vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into matrix of mixed gum acacia and galactomannan from Arenga pinnata (kolang-kaling) (GAP) has been studied. Galactomannan extracted from Arenga pinnata was 4.7%. Incorporations were conducted using using 7 gram gum acacia (GA), 1.3 gram vitamin E from PFAD and GAP varied from 0.1 – 0.4 gram in 100 ml total volume. The thickness of the film occurred in the range of 0.600 – 0.780 mm. In the increment of GAP amount the viscosity and stability of film was increased. The best film obtained which most compatible and has viscosity similar with standard of ISO 9001 – 2008 and ISO 22000 – 2005 was from formula 3 contained 0.2 gram GAP. The oncentration of vitamin E determined using gas chromatography was 75.4501%. The composition of vitamin E was tocotrienol 74.41% and tocopherol 25.59%.

scholarly journals Scrubbed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Vitamin E Concentrate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnart Soontornchatchawate ◽  
Supachai Chintanalert ◽  
Prakob Kitchaiya ◽  
Apinan Namkanisorn
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
J.S. Sabarman ◽  
E.H. Legowo ◽  
D.I. Widiputri ◽  
A.R. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur

scholarly journals COMPARISON STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION TEMPERATURE DATA IN THE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS OF PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE (PFAD) IN A FLUIDISED REACTOR

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norliza BT. Abdul Rahman ◽  
Sam Yet ◽  
Noorhisham Tan Kofli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Sugar Ester ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Reactor Kinetic ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm Oil Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product from palm oil refinery process and normally used as ingredient of making candles, soap and others. Recently, many researchers have been carried out to diversify the utilisation of PFAD in industry. Among others is the enzimatically production of sugar ester using PFAD as substrate. However, limited kinetic and simulation data hindered the effort of large scale production. Hence, this study was executed to determine the kinetic parameters of the esterification process based on the simplified Ping-pong Bi-Bi model under the temperature range of 30°C ~ 45°C where immobilised lipase (Lipozyme 1M) was used as biocatalyst and isopropyl alcohol was used as solvent. The reaction was conducted in a cylinder resemble a fluidised reactor. Kinetic parameters derived from the experiments were used to simulate the production of sugar ester. The optimum temperature for the production of sugar ester was found to be at 40°C. The experimental results deviate slightly from the simulation results with error percentage of less than 11%. The model can be used to predict the production of sugar ester when the concentrations of the reactants are varied.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document