Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in ASEAN Based on Kaya Identity

ASEAN is a region with high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accompanied by an increase in population, gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption. Population, GDP, and energy consumption can be linked to CO2 emissions through an identity equation called the Rich Identity. This research is based on Kaya identity to describe CO2 emissions to calculate the impact of population, economic activity, energy intensity and carbon intensity on CO2 emissions in ASEAN and 8 ASEAN countries (i.e., Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Brunei Darussalam) from 1990 to 2017. The method used is the Logarithmic Mean Division Index (LMDI). The data used are from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the World Bank. Four effects measured and main findings showed that population, economic activity and carbon intensity factor increased by 293.02 MtCO2, 790.0 MtCO2, and 195.51 MtCO2, respectively. Meanwhile, energy intensity effect made ASEAN's CO2 emissions decrease by 283.13 MtCO2. Regarding contributions to the increase in CO2 emissions in all ASEAN countries, the population effect increases CO2 emissions in all countries in ASEAN and the economic activity effect is also the same, except in Brunei Darussalam which makes CO2 emissions in this country decreased by 1.07 MtCO2. Meanwhile, the effects of energy and carbon intensity are different. The effect of energy intensity causes CO2 emissions in lower-middle income countries to decrease, while in upper-middle and high-income countries, it increases carbon emissions. In contrast to the effect of carbon intensity, that actually makes CO2 emissions increase in lower-middle income countries and reduces carbon emissions in upper-middle and high-income countries.

An Overview of Indonesian Renewable Energy Studies and Its Investment Opportunities

By conducting a synthesis review of recent literature, this study aims to provide a comprehensive conceptual model for acknowledging factors determining private investment in the renewable energy sector within an emerging country, Indonesia. The synthesis and thus guides stakeholders to encourage investment from the private sector in renewable energy development. From this study, the authors summarized all factors studied arguably influential in affecting the private sector to invest as a source of development funding and presenting several key indicators of renewable energy investment opportunities in Indonesia. The factors that influence the development of the energy sector include policies related to human capital, environmental protection and energy efficiency. Therefore, this study should serve as the baseline for future advanced studies. Keywords: renewable energy, investment opportunities, emerging country, Indonesia

Achieving Sustainable Energy Security in Indonesia Through Substitution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas with Dimethyl Ether as Household Fuel

Indonesia has been facing an energy security issue regarding Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption. The rapid increase of LPG consumption and huge import have driven the Indonesian government to develop the alternative for LPG in the household sector. Dimethyl ether (DME) is the well-fit candidate to substitute LPG because of its properties similarities. However, discrepancies in the properties, such as combustion enthalpy and corrosivity, lead to adjustments in the application. Coal is a potential raw material to produce DME, especially in Indonesia, known as the fourth-largest coal producer globally. However, the gasification of coal into DME brings a problem in its sustainability. To compensate for the emission, co-processing of DME with biomass, especially from agricultural residue, has been discovered. Recently, carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the gasification process has also been developed as the raw material to produce DME. The utilization of CO2 recycling into DME consists of two approaches, methanol synthesis and dehydration reactions (indirect synthesis) and direct hydrogenation of CO2 to DME (direct synthesis). The reactions are supported by the catalytic activity that strongly depends on the metal dispersion, use of dopants and the support choice. Direct synthesis can increase the efficiency of catalysts used for both methanol synthesis and dehydration. This paper intended to summarize the recent advancements in sustainable DME processing. Moreover, an analysis of DME's impact and feasibility in Indonesia was conducted based on the resources, processes, environmental and economic aspects. Keywords: coal gasification, DME, energy security, LPG, sustainable

Assessing the Implementation of the Energy Management System in the First ISO 50001 Building in Indonesia

This study focuses on the public building in Indonesia that has implemented an energy management system compliant with ISO 50001 standard. The main objectives of this study are to review the implementation of the energy management system in the building, highlighting the main aspect of the ISO cycle deployment and key lessons learned for further dissemination. We performed the study of the implementation of energy management in the building sector based on the ISO 50001 framework that aims to enhance an organization to pursue the continuous improvement of energy management with a systematic approach. Implementing the plan, do, check and act cycle of the ISO’s framework, it is found that the management keeps a strong commitment to continuous improvement. As part of the energy management system cycle, an Investment Grade Audit (IGA) was performed in 2018. Implementing the IGA recommendation, both passive and active designs have been applied in the Slamet Bratanata building. Active design strategies that have been implemented include building automation system utilization, chiller and lighting replacement and Energy Monitoring System (EMonS) application. Implemented passive designs include windows film installation and an efficient room redesigned for optimizing natural light. To implement the ISO 50001 Energy Management System in the building, the energy management team has also held various activities. It includes developing Standard Operating Procedures, appointing a Person in Charge on each floor, conducting capacity building and performing an energy efficiency campaign. It is estimated that the energy management system has succeeded in reducing energy consumption by 613.188 kWh (in 2018–2020) and the Energy Efficiency Index by 129.06 kWh/m2/year in 2020. Furthermore, management energy implementation also reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 539.60 tons of CO2 equivalent. This study provides a reference for energy management in another building for improving its energy performance.

Heat Quality Enhancement and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction from Coal Burning by Combining Low-Ranked Coal with Biomass Waste as A Clean Energy Solution to Achieve Energy Security in Indonesia

Indonesia is the fifth largest coal producer in the world with coal reserves reaching 39.56 billion tonnes. Coal reserves of medium and high quality are expected to be exhausted in 2048, therefore it is necessary to utilize low-ranked coals. Low-ranked coals have a low heating value (<5,100 kcal/kg) and produce greater CO2 emissions compared to medium and high rank coals. One method to increase heating value and reduce CO2 emissions from low-ranked coals is through the Utilization of hybrid coal. Hybrid coal is low quality coal combined with biomass waste and has undergone a pyrolysis process together. The mixing and co-pyrolysis of low-ranked coal with biomass waste such as rice husk, empty palm fruit bunches, and rubber wood with a ratio of 7:3 is known to be able to increase the final product calorific value by 31.10–44.12% and reduce non-neutral CO2 emissions by 15.56–21.31%. The hybrid coal production process is highly prospective to be implemented in Indonesia, especially in Central Java, South Sumatra and South Kalimantan. The payback period from the hybrid coal industry with a production capacity range of 540 thousand to 4.5 million TPY can be achieved in 10–13 years with a net profit range of IDR 137 billion to IDR 493 billion per year and a net present value range of IDR 285 billion to IDR 1.1 trillion.

Understanding the Potential of Bio-Carbon Capture and Storage from Biomass Power Plant in Indonesia

Indonesia is currently experiencing a significant increase in population, industrialization and energy demand. As the energy demand increases, so does the production of climate-altering CO2 emission. Biomass power plants have emerged as a low carbon power generation alternative, utilizing agricultural and industrial waste. Biomass power plants have the potential of being a carbon-negative power generation technology in the near future by integrating carbon and capture storage (bio-CCS). The objective of this paper is to analyze and map potential CO2 emission in the processes of biomass power plants from gasification and firing or co-firing technology, then recommend suitable carbon capture technology based on the biomass power plant characteristics in Indonesia. The CO2 emission to be captured in the gasification process is 11-15% of the producer gas, while in co-firing it is 7-24% of the flue gas stream. Using biomass instead of coal in power plants reduces the electric efficiency and increases the plant’s in-house emission, but when analyzed in a wider boundary system it is apparent that the net GWP and CO2 emission of biomass power plants are way smaller than coal power plant, moreover when equipped with carbon capture unit. Biomass power plant that uses firing technology can reduce CO2 emission by 148% compared to typical coal power plant. Installing carbon capture unit in biomass firing power plants can further reduce the specific CO2 emission by 262%. If carbon capture technology is implemented to all existing biomass power plants in Indonesia, it could reduce the greenhouse gas emission up to 2.2 million tonnes CO2 equivalent annually. It is found that there are 3 significant designs for gasification technology: NREL design, Rhodes & Keith design and IGBCC+DeCO2 design. The first two designs are not suitable to be retrofitted into existing biomass power plants in Indonesia since they are based on a specific BCL/FERCO gasifier. While IGBCC+DeCO2 design still needs further study regarding its feasibility. While for firing, the most promising technology to be applied in the near future is solvent-based absorption because it is already on commercial scale for coal-based power plants and can be implemented for other source, e.g. biomass power plant. Bio-CCS in existing biomass power plant with firing technology is likely to be implemented in the near future compared to the gasification, because it applies the post combustion capture as an “end-of-pipe” technology which is generally seen as a more viable option to be retrofitted to existing power plants, resulting in potentially less expensive transition.

Complexity of Barriers to Biogas Digester Dissemination in Indonesia

In the global south, the use of firewood and LPG as dominant energy sources for cooking contributes to socio-ecological issues. Alternatively, biogas is considered a cleaner energy source generated from organic waste. However, in Indonesia, until 2018, only less than 2 percent of households utilized biogas for cooking fuel. This research aims to explore the landscape of biogas governance in Indonesia, its fragmentation and its relation with biodigester dissemination. This study found that there is fragmentation within small-medium scale national biogas programs in Indonesia. Seven national government biogas programs have similar governance arrangements and characteristics; scattered in different departments within the ministry, using the grant approach with two main vendors, often overlapping with local government programs and not providing proper monitoring and evaluation mechanism, as well as proper training for users. Meanwhile, the biogas program by a non-government organization utilizes a semi-commercial approach; collaborating with multiple stakeholders (governments, local construction partner organizations, cooperatives and private sectors-companies and banks); and has standardized training and after-sale services. Within those biogas programs, there are multiple barriers along the supply chain process of biodigester dissemination. These barriers relate to the governance aspect of biogas programs. Fragmented governance affected the capability of each program to tackle barriers in biogas digester dissemination.

The Coal Bio-Solubilization Technology for Energy Security

The petroleum needs as primary energy in Indonesia more increasing, while the petroleum reserves were more depleting so that coal utilization as primary energy is inevitable. Therefore, needed a solution in coal utilization which is environmentally friendly (clean energy) to fulfill the national energy needs. This research is based on the analysis and study of 11 research journals related to coal bio-solubilization technology published in the period 1994 to 2019. The results show that low-rank coal has the potential as the environmentally friendly alternative energy by converting solid coal into liquid phase equivalent to gasoline and diesel which is sulfur and nitrogen-free with bio-solubilization technology. However, this bio-solubilization technology has the disadvantage of the slow coal degradation process into the liquid phase because it only relies on the microorganism’s ability. The application of coal bio-solubilization technology as the alternative energy to support energy security requires genetic engineering and catalyst technology research support to improve the microorganism’s ability to increase the coal degradation rate.

Applying Artificial Neural Network and XGBoost to Improve Data Analytics in Oil and Gas Industry

The application of machine learning and artificial intelligence is popular nowadays to improve data analytics in the oil and gas industry. A huge amount of data can be processed to gain insights about the subsurface conditions, even reducing time for manual review or interpretation. There are three cases to be discussed in this study that starts from porosity estimation of thin core image using Otsu's thresholding, estimation of oil production rate from sucker-rod pumping wells and sonic travel-time log generation. Two supervised learning algorithms are applied, XGBoost and Keras. These algorithms will capture all possible correlations between the input and output data. From data normalization, exploratory data analysis and model building, the workflow is built on Google Colab. The original dataset is split into training and testing. Tuning hyperparameters such as the number of hidden layers, neurons, activation function, optimizers and learning rates are captured to reduce the complexity of the model. The model is evaluated by error values and the coefficient of determination to estimate the model skill on unseen data.

Techno-Economic and Feasibility Assessment of Cryogenic Distillation Membrane (CDM) for Purification Natural Gas from CO2

It is estimated that the energy demand in the world at 2050 will increase by 52% relative to 2017. In Indonesia, it was predicted the deficit energy at natural gas sector occurred as much as 17.5 BSCF in 2020 and the deficit will increase to 3,327 BSCF in 2050. Nevertheless, the natural gas that Indonesia produced has impurities of 70% CO2 and 0.6% H2S, while the hydrocarbon only 28.1%, that makes the heating value of natural gas become lower compared to common natural gas. Therefore, the process of separating the impurities of CO2 and H2S from hydrocarbon is needed to increase the heating value and to get pure natural gas. One of alternatives that can solve the problem is Cryogenic Distillation Membrane (CDM). The CDM process integrates the process of cryogenic distillation and cryogenic membrane to separate impurities from hydrocarbon. It has been proven that cryogenic distillation can decrease CO2 concentration from 70% to 3%, and rise up hydrocarbon purity from 70% to 95%. Moreover, cryogenic membrane can increase the purity of natural gas from 95% to 98%. Therefore, CDM process is expected as appropriate process to get rid the impurities and give high purity of natural gas. Based on the calculation through simulation using software ASPEN HYSYS, the CDM process is beneficial because it gives capture rate CO2 up to 99%, decreases the purity CO2 from 70% to 0.001%, reduces the purity H2S from 0.6% to 0.02%, increases natural gas purity from 28.1% to 98%, raises the heating value from 284.5 Btu/SCF to 988.4 Btu/SCF and can generate valuable byproduct CO2 liquid.