scholarly journals Polityka rosyjskiej Cerkwi prawosławnej wobec cudownych obrazów katolickiej proweniencji na wschodnich terenach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w XIX w. na kilku przykładach

Porta Aurea ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
Volha Barysenka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Sacred Art ◽  
Christian Art ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
The Church

Due to the liquidation of the Union in 1839 and the transfer of Catholic churches to the Orthodox Church after the rebellions of 1830–1831 and 1863–1864 in the territories of the former Polish -Lithuanian Commonwealth which were incorporated into the Russian Empire, a great deal of sacred art pieces of western -Christian art became property of the Orthodox Church. As per directions of the Church authorities, the images of Jesus Christ, Our Lady and the Saints of the Undivided Church could remain in Orthodox churches, while those of Catholic and Greek -Catholic Saints were to be given back to Catholics. The images that were left in Orthodox churches were to be changed to meet the Orthodox rules. That usually meant addition of an inscription or repainting of the image partially or fully. The situation was different in relation to miraculous images. After being transferred to the Orthodox churches they remained unchanged, even in the cases when their iconography was unacceptable for the Orthodox Church or when they represented Catholic Saints, such as Ignatius Loyola or Anthony of Padua. This was related to the effect miraculous images had on local communities. The cult of miraculous images was above -confessional; believers of different Christian confessions went on pilgrimages to them. Leaving these images as is they were aimed at converting Catholics to Orthodoxy to strengthen the position of the Russian Empire on the land of the former Polish - -Lithuanian Commonwealth. To justify the functioning of western -Christian images in the Orthodox Church, both new legends were developed stating the images had Orthodox origins and were taken by Catholics, and attempts of theological rationale were made. These activities were successful: the images that survived through the disasters of the 20th century are still in the cult of the Orthodox Church along with the legends of their Orthodox origin developed in the 19th century.

Relations between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox Church of the East as Exemplified in the Collection of Greek Engravings of The Church Archaeological Museum at the Moscow Theological Academy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

В XVIII в. на основании общего интереса к святыням Востока, а также единой тенденции для крупных монастырей изготавливать гравюры на память для паломников, многие греческие гравюры свидетели русско-афонских отношений попадают на территорию Российской Империи. Сохранились такие гравюры и в Церковноархеологического кабинете Московской духовной академии, собрание которых насчитывает 29 эстампов. Пять гравюр из этого собрания имеют надписи на греческом и на славянском языке. Надписи свидетельствуют о месте и времени создания гравюры, о граверах и заказчиках, являются источниками кратких исторических сведений. В статье приведены выявленные дополнительные факты об этих гравюрах, которые свидетельствуют о наличии церковных, экономических и политических отношений на базе культурных связей между Российской Империей и странами православного Востока. The Russ has always been supporting the relationship with the Orthodox Church of the East. As a result of these connections, we have a lot of icons and other gifts from The Mount Athos, The Saint Catherine’s Monastery and others holy places. There are five Greek engravings in the collection of The Museum of Church Archaeology at the Moscow Theological Academy, which have inscriptions in Greek and Slavic. These engravings were to be spread in Slavic countries. They are dated from the 17th to the 19th century. Some of them were made in Moscow. The images and the inscriptions of the engravings are the subject of a research presented in this article.

scholarly journals Organisational foundations of functioning of the Right-Bank Ukraine orthodox brotherhoods from the 1850s to 1900s

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
Andrii Smyrnov ◽  
Oksana Aloshyna ◽  
Zhanna Yankovska ◽  
Mykola Blyzniak ◽  
Volodymyr Marchuk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

Aim. This research aims to reveal the peculiarities of standardization and organizational principles behind the functioning of Orthodox brotherhoods on the territory of Right-Bank Ukraine from the 1850s to the 1900s. Methods. Methodologically, the authors of the work rely on the principles of novelty, objectivity, and historicism and employ general scientific methods (internal criticism of the sources, analysis, synthesis, generalization). Results. The study revealed that during the second half of the 19th century, the activity of Orthodox brotherhoods on the territories controlled by the Russian Empire was regulated by the law “Basic Rules for the Establishment of the Orthodox Church Brotherhoods” which regulated the prioritized tasks, membership and main vectors of their work. At the beginning of the 20th century, some changes occurred in the social-political life of the Russian Empire, which also affected the position of the Orthodox brotherhoods of Right-Bank Ukraine. Conclusion. The church authorities devoted considerable efforts to revitalizing and restoring the activity of the Orthodox brotherhoods at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to find new solutions to the situation, they discussed the further functioning of the fraternities at the congresses in which participated the representatives of the Orthodox brotherhoods of the western provinces of the Russian Empire. Thus, the church management controlled brotherhoods and channelled them into the required course of action.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

scholarly journals Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
I. K. Shcherbakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

Court Singing Capella and Divine Рractice of the Russian Orthodox Church

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Константин Рева
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liturgical Practice ◽  
Church Split ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

В настоящей статье предпринята попытка рассмотреть влияние Придворной певческой капеллы на развитие богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в Синодальный период. После церковного раскола XVII в. продолжающееся развитие богослужебной практики не находило отражения в корпусе богослужебных книг. В XVII в. в Русской Церкви было два практически равновеликих по значению образцовых столичных хора: хор патриарших певчих дьяков и хор государевых певчих дьяков. С упразднением патриаршества и переносом столицы в Санкт¬-Петербург в Синодальный период истории Русской Православной Церкви Придворная певческая капелла стала главным церковным хоровым коллективом, основной обязанностью которого было пение за богослужением в придворных церквях. В XIX в. Придворная певческая капелла была на делена особыми административными правами в церковно-¬певческой сфере, связанны ми с цензурой церковно-¬певческих произведений и подготовкой церковных регентов. Исключительные права по изданию церковно¬-певческих книг в Русской Православной Церкви, закрепленные Святейшим Синодом за Придворной певческой капеллой, стали причиной широкого распространения литургических особенностей богослужения придворных церквей в Российской империи. Практика обязательной аттестации церковных регентов Придворной певческой капеллой усилила распространение не только её церковно-¬музыкальной традиции, но и придворного литургического порядка, что оказало существенное влияние на практику совершения кафедрального и приходского богослужения. Изучение богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в XVIII-XX вв. немыслимо без учёта деятельности и наследия Придворной певческой капеллы. This article attempts to consider the influence of the Court Singing Chapel on the development of divine practice of the Russian Orthodox Church during the synodal period. After the Church split of the 17th century, the continuing development of liturgical practice was not re flected in the corpus of liturgical books. In the XVII century the Russian Church had two almost equal in importance exemplary Metropolitan choirs: the choir of Patriarchal singing deacons and the choir of sovereign singing deacons. With the abolition of the Patriarchate and the transfer of the capital to Saint Petersburg during the Synodal period of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Court singing Capella became the main Church choral group, whose main duty was to sing at divine services in the court churches. In the 19th century, the Court singing chapel was giv en special administrative rights in the Church singing sphere related to the censorship of Church singing works and the training of Church Regents. The exclusive rights to publish Church sing ing books in the Russian Orthodox Church, which were assigned by the Holy Synod to the Court singing chapel, caused a wide spread of liturgical features of the service of court churches in the Russian Empire. The practice of mandatory certification of Church Regents by the Court singingchapel has increased the spread of not only its Church music tradition, but also the court liturgical order, which has had a significant impact on the practice of performing Cathedral and parish ser vices. The study of the liturgical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church in the XVIII-XX centuries is unthinkable without taking into account the activities and heritage of the court singing chapel.

scholarly journals Splits and sects in the Azov region and the authorities of the Russian Empire: Failed compromise in the nineteenth century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-489
Author(s):  
Tamara S. Olenich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
Azov Region ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the features of the emergence and spread of sectarian organizations and Old Believer communities in the Azov region in the 19th century. It is shown that the processes of the spread of sectarian organizations century were very active, which is explained by the fact that sectarian organizations had a broad social base and expanded dynamically, despite restrictions from the official government. The laws in force at that time limited the activities carried out by the Russian Orthodox Church in counteracting the process of promoting sectarian teachings at that time. The article illustrates that some of the representatives of sectarianism disguised themselves as Orthodox and compactly lived within the boundaries of church parishes. Proselytizing sectarianism was especially active in the territory of the Yekaterinoslav province by organizations such as the Molokans, Khlysts, Skoptsy, Old Believers, and others. This article characterizes the prevailing political and legal conditions for the spread of the sects, as well as the features of the system of religious relations that have developed in the region. On the basis of archival data, the number of such sects as the Molokans, the Whips, the Old Believers and the Evangelists, etc., was studied. The specificity of religious relations between representatives of different religious groups in the Azov region is analyzed within the framework of a unique phenomenon — a polymodel system of the interfaith relations.

scholarly journals Turkestan in the Russian Empire (The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Gofforov Shokir Safarovich1 ◽  
Tursunova Gavhar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Good Basis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Russian rulers seeker to establish the  military-political supremacy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan and begun the mass migration of orthodox population who could be the reliable support to the Russian army in the area. The immigrants were settled in privileged conditions that served as the good basis for the establishment of colonial rules of governing. The have envisaged the plan of transforming the territory of Turkestan to the comfortable military-strategik base.

The Worldview of Metropolitan Joseph (Semashko) and Its Origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 331-345
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

he article examines the world outlook of the outstanding church hierarch - Metropolitan of Lithuania and Vilnius Joseph (Semashko) who is considered to be the founder of the ideology of Westrussism which was the basis of the Russian Empire policy in the Western provinces in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The article traces the origin of His Grace’s views that determined his activity aimed at disbanding the Brest Church Union and reestablishing the position of the Orthodox Church in Russia. The author comes to the conclusion that Metropolitan Joseph’s views formed an integral outlook system. In part his views were ahead of his time, and in part they were in line with the epoch. The revealed views of the Metropolitan “the Reunitor” show that the overcoming of the Uniat problem in Russia in the 19th century was well-grounded.

Russian Governor-Generals as Actors in Imperial Peripheral Politics

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Narezhny
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is about the role of Russian governors-general in the national outskirts of the Russian Empire. It attempts to substantiate arguments in favor of the thesis that they were given an important role in the development and implementation of the principles of outskirts politics, directions and methods of its implementation. According to the authors, this was facilitated both by the special status of the post itself in the vertical of power, and the specifics of the composition of executives, formed from among persons enjoying the special trust of the sovereign. Governor-generals prepared a number of drafts proposing their own assessment of the situation in the Empire’s outskirts and additional measures “to merge them with native Russia” in the 19th century. Sometimes these proposals went beyond the current policy, which is confirmed by the analysis of D. G. Bibikov and F. J. Mirkovich’s projects, which in the forties of the 19th century proposed to abandon attempts to attract representatives of the Polish elite to the imperial power and to concentrate efforts on supporting the Orthodox Church and protecting the rights of local peasantry. This approach is evaluated as a stage in the process of preparing a new course of imperial policy in the western provinces of the Empire after the January Uprising of 1863.

Mission Delayed: The Russian Orthodox Church after the Conquest of Kazan'

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-540
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Romaniello
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Church

Muscovy's active period of eastward expansion began with the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan’ in 1552. By the seventeenth century, one observer claimed that the conquest of Kazan’ was the event that made Ivan IV a tsar and Muscovy an empire. With this victory, the tsar claimed new lands, adding to his subjects the diverse animistic and Muslim population of Turkic Tatars and Chuvashes, and Finno-Ugric Maris, Mordvins, and Udmurts. The conquest of Kazan’ provided both the Metropolitan of Moscow and Ivan IV (the Terrible) an opportunity to transform the image of Muscovy into that of a victorious Orthodox power and to justify the title of its Grand Prince as a new caesar (tsar). Since the conquest was the first Orthodox victory against Islam since the fall of Constantinople, commemorations of it were immediate, including the construction of the Church of the Intercession by the Moat (St. Basil's) on Red Square.The incorporation of the lands and peoples of Kazan’ has served traditionally to date the establishment of the Russian Empire. Accounts of the conquest have emphasized the victory of Orthodoxy against Islam, with the Russian Orthodox Church and its Metropolitan as the motive force behind this expansion. The conversion of the Muslims and animists of the region is portrayed frequently as automatic, facing little resistance. More recently, scholars have criticized this simplistic account of the conquest by discussing the conversion mission as a rhetorical construct and have placed increasing emphasis on the local non-Russian and non-Orthodox resistance to the interests of the Church and state.

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