The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in mammals: form and functions

10.2741/3399 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol Volume (14) ◽  
pp. 2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan, F. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation

scholarly journals Physiology and Physical Chemistry of Bile Acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1780
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara di Gregorio ◽  
Jacopo Cautela ◽  
Luciano Galantini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Material Science ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Molecule ◽  
Supramolecular Aggregates ◽  
Biological Field

Bile acids (BAs) are facial amphiphiles synthesized in the body of all vertebrates. They undergo the enterohepatic circulation: they are produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released in the intestine, taken into the bloodstream and lastly re-absorbed in the liver. During this pathway, BAs are modified in their molecular structure by the action of enzymes and bacteria. Such transformations allow them to acquire the chemical–physical properties needed for fulling several activities including metabolic regulation, antimicrobial functions and solubilization of lipids in digestion. The versatility of BAs in the physiological functions has inspired their use in many bio-applications, making them important tools for active molecule delivery, metabolic disease treatments and emulsification processes in food and drug industries. Moreover, moving over the borders of the biological field, BAs have been largely investigated as building blocks for the construction of supramolecular aggregates having peculiar structural, mechanical, chemical and optical properties. The review starts with a biological analysis of the BAs functions before progressively switching to a general overview of BAs in pharmacology and medicine applications. Lastly the focus moves to the BAs use in material science.

scholarly journals Effect of different bile acids on the intestine through enterohepatic circulation based on FXR

Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1949095
Author(s):  
Junwei Xiang ◽  
Zhengyan Zhang ◽  
Hongyi Xie ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang ◽  
Yan Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation

scholarly journals The economy of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in the baboon. 1. Studies of controlled enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 428-436
Author(s):  
R N Redinger ◽  
J W Hawkins ◽  
D M Grace
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation

scholarly journals The ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor A4250 decreases serum bile acids by interrupting the enterohepatic circulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Graffner ◽  
P.-G. Gillberg ◽  
L. Rikner ◽  
H.-U. Marschall
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Serum Bile Acids ◽  
Bile Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter

Bile Acids: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Physiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Bile acids, amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism, are “good” in the infant because they enhance lipid absorption and thereby promote growth. Bile acids also induce bile flow and biliary lipid secretion. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is “bad” in the adult because it downregulates hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein receptor activity and thereby elevates plasma cholesterol levels. Defects in bile acid metabolism such as impaired biosynthesis or transport are “ugly” because they cause morbidity and death. New approaches for treating these defects are being developed.

scholarly journals Withaferin-A down-regulate enterohepatic circulation of bile acids: An insight from a hyperlipidemic rat model

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 100035
Author(s):  
Pooja Acharya ◽  
Parvati Huded ◽  
Sadashivaiah Bettadahalli ◽  
Mehrdad Zarei ◽  
Vinayak Uppin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Withaferin A

scholarly journals Bile acid diarrhoea: from diagnosis to treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
V.P. Novikova ◽  
◽  
L.N. Belousova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Duct ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Diet Therapy ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Diagnosis And Management

Bile acid diarrhoea is a common cause of chronic diarrhoea associated with disturbance of the enterohepatic circulation: either excessive biosynthesis/secretion of bile acids or disordered absorption of bile acids in the ileum. At the same time bile acid diarrhoea is an insufficiently studied, frequently underestimated condition, and the questions remain concerning its diagnosis and management. The work discusses the main groups of causes of this pathology, modern diagnostic methods and the difficulties of a differential search. Also, the article offers information about the diet therapy of bile duct diarrhoea and the main groups of administered medications, in particular, modern enterosorbents.

scholarly journals Arbutin Alleviates the Liver Injury of α-Naphthylisothiocyanate-induced Cholestasis Through Farnesoid X Receptor Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peijie Wu ◽  
Ling Qiao ◽  
Han Yu ◽  
Hui Ming ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
Cholestatic Diseases

Cholestasis is a kind of stressful syndrome along with liver toxicity, which has been demonstrated to be related to fibrosis, cirrhosis, even cholangiocellular or hepatocellular carcinomas. Cholestasis usually caused by the dysregulated metabolism of bile acids that possess high cellular toxicity and synthesized by cholesterol in the liver to undergo enterohepatic circulation. In cholestasis, the accumulation of bile acids in the liver causes biliary and hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is regarded as a bile acid–activated receptor that regulates a network of genes involved in bile acid metabolism, providing a new therapeutic target to treat cholestatic diseases. Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone isolated from medicinal plants in the genus Arctostaphylos, which has a variety of potentially pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant activity. However, the mechanistic contributions of arbutin to alleviate liver injury of cholestasis, especially its role on bile acid homeostasis via nuclear receptors, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that arbutin has a protective effect on α-naphthylisothiocyanate–induced cholestasis via upregulation of the levels of FXR and downstream enzymes associated with bile acid homeostasis such as Bsep, Ntcp, and Sult2a1, as well as Ugt1a1. Furthermore, the regulation of these functional proteins related to bile acid homeostasis by arbutin could be alleviated by FXR silencing in L-02 cells. In conclusion, a protective effect could be supported by arbutin to alleviate ANIT-induced cholestatic liver toxicity, which was partly through the FXR pathway, suggesting arbutin may be a potential chemical molecule for the cholestatic disease.

The Pathophysiology of the Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids

1983 ◽  
pp. 81-132
Author(s):  
L. Barbara ◽  
R. H. Dowling ◽  
A. Hofmann ◽  
E. Roda
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation
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