scholarly journals Genome sequence analysis of the first human West Nile virus isolated in Italy in 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Barzon ◽  
E Franchin ◽  
L Squarzon ◽  
E Lavezzo ◽  
S Toppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
First Time

In 2009, six new human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) were identified in Veneto region, following the six cases already reported in 2008. A human West Nile virus (WNV) isolate was obtained for the first time from an asymptomatic blood donor. Whole genome sequence of the human WNV isolate showed close phylogenetic relatedness to the Italy-1998-WNV strain and to other WNV strains recently isolated in Europe, with the new acquisition of the NS3-Thr249Pro mutation, a trait associated with avian virulence, increased virus transmission, and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans.

scholarly journals Increase in human West Nile and Usutu virus infections, Austria, 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan W. Aberle ◽  
Jolanta Kolodziejek ◽  
Christof Jungbauer ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Judith H. Aberle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Imported Cases

Between 28 June and 17 September 2018, 27 cases of human West Nile virus infections were recorded in Austria; four cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease, 11 cases of West Nile fever, six infections detected by blood donation screening and six imported cases. In addition, 18 cases of human Usutu virus infections (all blood donors) were recorded. This is the highest number of annual infections recorded in Austria since the introduction of both viruses.

scholarly journals Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Virological Findings

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Alessandro Sinigaglia ◽  
Elisa Franchin ◽  
Silvana Pagni ◽  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Lineage 2

West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 is expanding and causing large outbreaks in Europe. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, and virological features of WNV lineage 2 infection during the large outbreak that occurred in northern Italy in 2018. The study population included 86 patients with neuroinvasive disease (WNND), 307 with fever (WNF), and 34 blood donors. Phylogenetic analysis of WNV full genome sequences from patients’ samples showed that the virus belonged to the widespread central/southern European clade of WNV lineage 2 and was circulating in the area at least since 2014. The incidence of WNND and WNF progressively increased with age and was higher in males than in females. Among WNND patients, the case fatality rate was 22%. About 70% of blood donors reported symptoms during follow-up. Within the first week after symptom onset, WNV RNA was detectable in the blood or urine of 80% of patients, while 20% and 40% of WNND and WNF patients, respectively, were WNV IgM-seronegative. In CSF samples of WNND patients, WNV RNA was typically detectable when WNV IgM antibodies were absent. Blunted or no WNV IgM response and high WNV IgG levels were observed in seven patients with previous flavivirus immunity.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Impacts of Hurricane Damage on West Nile Virus Transmission and Human Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2s) ◽  
pp. 106-119
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Caillouët ◽  
Suzanne L. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Hurricane Damage ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission

ABSTRACT Hurricanes have profound impacts on zoonotic pathogen ecosystems that exhibit spatial and temporal waves in both distance from and time since the event. Wind, rain, and storm surge directly affect mosquito vectors and animal hosts of these pathogens. In this analysis, we apply a West Nile virus transmission model parameterized for the Northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico to explore the effect of event timing of hurricane landfall, time since the event, and damage extent on human West Nile virus neuro-invasive disease (WNV-NID) risk. Early-season hurricanes, which make landfall prior to the peak of baseline WNV transmission activity, increase the average total WNV-infectious mosquitoes for the year by 7.8% and human WNV-NID incidence by 94.3% across all areas with hurricane damage. The indirect effects on human exposure to mosquito bites in the immediate aftermath and long-term recovery from the event have strong impacts on the risk of infection. The resultant interactive direct and indirect storm effects on the pathogen system are spatially and temporally heterogenous among the generalized time and space categories modeled.

scholarly journals West Nile virus transmission with human cases in Italy, August - September 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Rizzo ◽  
F Vescio ◽  
S Declich ◽  
A C Finarelli ◽  
P Macini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission

In 2009, to date 16 human cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) have been reported in Italy, in three regions: Veneto, Emilia-Romagna and Lombardia. The number of cases is higher compared with last year when nine cases were identified (eight cases of WNND and one case of West Nile fever) and the geographical distribution indicates spread from east to west.

scholarly journals Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July – August 2010

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Papa ◽  
K Danis ◽  
A Baka ◽  
A Bakas ◽  
G Dougas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Time

Between early July and 22 August 2010, 81 cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease were reported in the region of Central Macedonia, northern Greece. The median age of cases was 70 years. Encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or aseptic meningitis occurred mainly in patients aged 50 years or older. This is the first time that West Nile virus (WNV) infection has been documented in humans in Greece. Enhanced surveillance and mosquito control measures have been implemented.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infection in Veneto region, Italy, 2008-2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Barzon ◽  
L Squarzon ◽  
M Cattai ◽  
E Franchin ◽  
S Pagni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Po River ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Northeastern Italy

We report here an update on human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in Veneto region, northeastern Italy. In addition to two cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease notified through a surveillance programme started in September 2008, further four cases were retrospectively identified (in May 2009) by investigating patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology occurring in Veneto region in June-September 2008. All six patients had symptom onset in August-September 2008 and were resident in a wetland area close to the Po river delta in Rovigo province. Further five cases of asymptomatic WNV infection, including four residents of the same area in Rovigo, were identified in a seroprevalence study in farm workers from Veneto region. To date, no human cases have been notified in 2009.

Human West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in Texas, 2003 Epidemic: Regional Differences

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Warner ◽  
Robert C. Kimbrough ◽  
James L. Alexander ◽  
J. Rush Pierce ◽  
Tigi Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Human West Nile Virus

scholarly journals First autochthonous human West Nile virus infections in the Netherlands, July to August 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danique RM Vlaskamp ◽  
Steven FT Thijsen ◽  
Johan Reimerink ◽  
Pieter Hilkens ◽  
Willem H Bouvy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
Human West Nile Virus ◽  
Lineage 2

In October 2020, the first case of autochthonous West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease was diagnosed in the Netherlands with a presumed infection in the last week of August. Investigations revealed five more cases of local West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The cases resided in a region where WNV was detected in a bird and mosquitoes in August 2020. Molecular analysis was successful for two cases and identified the presence of WNV lineage 2.

scholarly journals Measures taken to reduce the risk of West Nile virus transmission by transplantation in Italy

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (42) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nanni Costa ◽  
P Grossi ◽  
E Porta ◽  
S Venettoni ◽  
D Fehily
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transplant Centre ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission ◽  
Organ Tissue ◽  
First Time

For the first time in Italy, two patients with meningoencephalitis were diagnosed with West Nile virus (WNV) infection in September 2008 [1]. The patients live in the Bologna and Ferrara provinces of Emilia Romagna where WNV infections had previously been noted in horses, crows and magpies [2]. The Italian National Transplant Centre (CNT), which is responsible for the procurement, processing and distribution of organs and tissues in Italy, has now reviewed the risks of transmission of WNV by organ, tissue and cell transplantation and, taking into account the advice and recommendations of the relevant authorities in other countries, issued guidance to the transplant community.

Cochlear-Vestibular Impairment due to West Nile Virus Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (12) ◽  
pp. 1198-1202
Author(s):  
Daniela Parrino ◽  
Giuseppe Brescia ◽  
Maria Vittoria Trimarchi ◽  
Giulia Tealdo ◽  
Lolita Sasset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Time

Objectives: West Nile virus (WNV) has been spreading over the last 20 years. Human infection is asymptomatic in most cases. When the disease becomes clinically manifest, it may involve a range of issues, from a mild infection with flu-like symptoms to a neuroinvasive disease. Albeit rarely, WNV-associated sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) has also been reported. Here we describe two new cases of SNHL and balance impairment caused by WNV infection. Methods: The patients were investigated with repeated audiometric tests and, for the first time, videonystagmography was also used. Results: Unlike findings in the few other published cases, an improvement in audiometric thresholds and vestibular function was documented in both of our patients. Conclusions: In the light of our findings, a prospective study would be warranted on a large series of patients with WNV infection in order: (i) to better define the epidemiology of the related cochlear-vestibular involvement; and (ii) to elucidate the virus-related changes to peripheral and central auditory and vestibular functions.

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