scholarly journals Initial surveillance of 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in the European Union and European Economic Area, April – September 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Devaux ◽  
P Kreidl ◽  
P Penttinen ◽  
M Salminen ◽  
P Zucs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries reported surveillance data on 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) cases to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) through the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) during the early phase of the 2009 pandemic. We describe the main epidemiological findings and their implications in respect to the second wave of the 2009 influenza pandemic. Two reporting systems were in place (aggregate and case-based) from June to September 2009 to monitor the evolution of the pandemic. The notification rate was assessed through aggregate reports. Individual data were analysed retrospectively to describe the population affected. The reporting peak of the first wave of the 2009 pandemic influenza was reached in the first week of August. Transmission was travel-related in the early stage and community transmission within EU/EEA countries was reported from June 2009. Seventy eight per cent of affected individuals were less than 30 years old. The proportions of cases with complications and underlying conditions were 3% and 7%, respectively. The most frequent underlying medical conditions were chronic lung (37%) and cardio-vascular diseases (15%). Complication and hospitalisation were both associated with underlying conditions regardless of age. The information from the first wave of the pandemic produced a basis to determine risk groups and vaccination strategies before the start of the winter wave. Public health recommendations should be guided by early capture of profiles of affected populations through monitoring of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Preparing the European Union for the next pandemic – half way there

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (51) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nicoll ◽  
P Kreidl ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area

In early 2005, the institutions and member states of the European Union (EU), together with the other European Economic Area (EEA) member states of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, started preparing in a concerted manner for the next influenza pandemic.

scholarly journals HIV and AIDS in the European Union, 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Likatavicius ◽  
M Van de Laar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Late Presenters ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Sex With Men

In 2011, a total of 28,038 new HIV diagnoses were reported by European Union and European Economic Area countries. The annual rate of HIV diagnoses does not show clear signs of decrease and HIV continues to be concentrated in selected populations such as men who have sex with men and injecting drug users, and a high proportion reported as late presenters. Despite effective and available antiretroviral treatment, the number of AIDS cases increased in a few countries.

scholarly journals TB management in the European Union/European Economic Area: a multi‐centre survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
G. Sotgiu ◽  
S. Rosales-Klintz ◽  
R. Centis ◽  
L. D'Ambrosio ◽  
R. Verduin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Economic Area

BACKGROUND: Essential TB care in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) comprises 21 standards for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB that constitute the European Union Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ESTC).METHODS: In 2017, we conducted an audit on TB management and infection control measures against the ESTC standards. TB reference centres in five EU/EEA countries were purposely selected to represent the heterogeneous European TB burden and examine geographic variability.RESULTS: Data from 122 patients, diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 with multidrug-resistant TB (n = 49), extensively drug‐resistant TB (XDR‐TB) (n = 11), pre‐XDR‐TB (n = 29) and drug‐susceptible TB (n = 33), showed that TB diagnosis and treatment practices were in general in agreement with the ESTC.CONCLUSION: Overall, TB management and infection control practices were in agreement with the ESTC in the selected EU/EEA reference centres. Areas for improvement include strengthening of integrated care services and further implementation of patient‐centred approaches.

scholarly journals Modified Legal Framework and Opening of the Liner Shipping Market in the Republic of Croatia to Shipping Companies from the European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146
Author(s):  
Nikola Mandić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Liner Shipping ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Republic

Generally speaking, public transport is the transport of persons and cargo available for use to the general public, performed on the basis of a transport contract. Public transport costal liner shipping is the transport of passengers, cargo and vehicles in the internal marine waters and territorial sea ofthe Republic of Croatia performed on pre-established lines in compliance with the published terms and conditions of the sailing schedule and services pricelist. The Act on Transport in Liner Shipping and Occasional Costal Maritime Transport established the public transport system in the Republic of Croatia, ensuring regular connection of inhabited islands with the mainland and other inhabited islands, as well as between coastal towns, with an appropriate number of daily two-way connections, to improve the conditions of island life and stimulate their development. Prior to the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union, the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia was reserved primarily for Croatian shipping companies. Now, following the expiry of the transitional period negotiated in pre-accession negotiations with the European Union and the expiry of previously concluded concession contracts, the market is opening up to shipping companies from the European Economic Area. Hence, over the last couple of years, the Republic of Croatia was required to modify its legal framework regulating this subject matter. This paper presents novelties in the legal framework introduced in 2016 and 2017, which directly affect the opening of the maritime liner shipping market in the Republic of Croatia to shipping companies from the European Economic Area, with the critical analysis of the new solutions.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis treatment outcome in the European Union and European Economic Area: an analysis of surveillance data from 2002‒2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basel Karo ◽  
Barbara Hauer ◽  
Vahur Hollo ◽  
Marieke J. van der Werf ◽  
Lena Fiebig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Mdr Tb

Monitoring the treatment outcome (TO) of tuberculosis (TB) is essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention and to identify potential barriers for TB control. The global target is to reach a treatment success rate (TSR) of at least 85%. We aimed to assess the TB TO in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) between 2002 and 2011, and to identify factors associated with unsuccessful treatment. Only 18 countries reported information on TO for the whole observation period accounting for 250,854 new culture-confirmed pulmonary TB cases. The 85% target of TSR was not reached in any year between 2002 and 2011 and was on average 78%. The TSR for multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB cases at 24-month follow-up was 49%. In the multivariable regression model, unsuccessful treatment was significantly associated with increasing age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.02 per a one-year increase, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.02), MDR-TB (OR = 8.7, 95% CI: 5.09–14.97), male sex (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.28–1.52), and foreign origin (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03–1.70). The data highlight that special efforts are required for patients with MDR-TB and the elderly aged ≥65 years, who have particularly low TSR. To allow for valid monitoring at EU level all countries should aim to report TO for all TB cases.

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