scholarly journals Which cultural interventions most effectively reduce retaliatory behavior within organizations

10.28945/4585 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Denise A Breckon ◽  
Juan C Cruz ◽  
Katherine Kemmerer ◽  
Bryce Adams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cultural Interventions

The purpose of this systematic review is to explore retaliation within organizations and their culture. Specifically, this research examines extant scholarly literature regarding retaliation and how senior leaders, managers, and workers can help reduce it. Further, this study provides organizations intervention recommendations to help mitigate retaliation in small and medium organizations. In this study, complex adaptive systems (CASs) theory was found to be an appropriate mechanism for exploring and understanding how to mitigate retaliation effectively in the workplace. CASs is a people-based, people-driven, and behaviorally focused framework that requires collaboration and shared responsibility among the individual agents and agent-groups sharing a particular system, rather than just the system’s leaders or workers. This qualitative systematic review presents consistent evidence that in organizations retaliation can be reduced by: (1) promoting a culture of collective identity and justice; (2) using structures that maintain and restore justice; and (3) using training and pro-social relations to reinforce the organization’s cultural values. Based on the themes found in the research, three recommendations emerge as cultural interventions that will effectively reduce retaliatory behavior within organizations: (1) institutionalize an organizational culture of collective identity and justice; (2) create a structure that maintains and restores justice; and (3) reinforce values and policies through training and positive social relations.

scholarly journals Organizing Theories for Disasters into a Complex Adaptive System Framework

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Annetta Burger ◽  
William G. Kennedy ◽  
Andrew Crooks
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Disaster Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Interacting Systems ◽  
Individual Actor ◽  
The Individual

Increasingly urbanized populations and climate change have shifted the focus of decision makers from economic growth to the sustainability and resilience of urban infrastructure and communities, especially when communities face multiple hazards and need to recover from recurring disasters. Understanding human behavior and its interactions with built environments in disasters requires disciplinary crossover to explain its complexity, therefore we apply the lens of complex adaptive systems (CAS) to review disaster studies across disciplines. Disasters can be understood to consist of three interacting systems: (1) the physical system, consisting of geological, ecological, and human-built systems; (2) the social system, consisting of informal and formal human collective behavior; and (3) the individual actor system. Exploration of human behavior in these systems shows that CAS properties of heterogeneity, interacting subsystems, emergence, adaptation, and learning are integral, not just to cities, but to disaster studies and connecting them in the CAS framework provides us with a new lens to study disasters across disciplines. This paper explores the theories and models used in disaster studies, provides a framework to study and explain disasters, and discusses how complex adaptive systems can support theory building in disaster science for promoting more sustainable and resilient cities.

Patient Journey Record Systems (PaJR)

2011 ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmel M. Martin ◽  
Rakesh Biswas ◽  
Ankur Joshi ◽  
Joachim P. Sturmberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Patient Journey ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Individual

This chapter argues the need for a paradigm shift to focus health care from a top down fragmented process driven activity to a user-driven journey of the individual whose health is at stake. Currently many person/patients express needs that are often overlooked or not understood in the health system, and the frontline care workers express frustration in relation to care systems that prevent them from optimizing their care delivery. We argue that complex adaptive systems and social constructionist theories provide a link for knowledge translation that ultimately will lead to improved health care and better personal health outcomes/experiences. We propose the Patient Journey Record System (PaJR) as a conceptual framework to transform health care so that it supports and improves the experience of patients and improves the quality of care through adaptable and interconnected provider information and care systems. Information technology, social networking and digital democracy is proposed as a major solution to the need to put the patient and their journey at the centre of health and health care with real time shaping of care to this end. Placing PaJR at the centre of care would enable patients, caregivers, physicians, nurses, allied health professionals and students to contribute to improving care. PaJR should become a ‘discovery tool’ of new knowledge arising from different types of experiences ranging from the implicit knowledge in narratives through to the explicit knowledge that is formalized in the published peer reviewed literature and translated into clinical knowledge.

scholarly journals The World is More Than Complicated

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (11) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Ahmed K. Noor
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Emergent Complexity ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
The Individual

This article discusses the need of complex systems to be adaptive, and various innovative technologies that are required to engineer these systems. Complex adaptive systems consist of several simultaneously interacting parts or components, which are expected to function in an uncertain, complex environment, and to adapt to unforeseeable contingencies. The defining characteristics of complex adaptive systems are that the components are continually changing, the systems involve many interactions among components, and configurations cannot be fully determined in advance. Studies have shown that complex systems of the future will require a multidisciplinary framework—an approach that has been called emergent (complexity) engineering. Emergent engineering designs a system from the bottom-up by designing the individual components and their interactions that can lead to a desired global response. Although significant effort has been devoted to understanding complexity in natural and engineered systems, the research into complex adaptive systems is fragmented and is largely focused on specific examples. In order to accelerate the development of future diverse complex systems, there is a profound need for developing the new multidisciplinary framework of emergent engineering, along with associated systematic approaches, and generally valid methods and tools for high-fidelity simulations of the collective emergent behavior of these systems.

Thinking in groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Gureckis ◽  
Robert L. Goldstone
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Exclusive Property ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Structures ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Is cognition an exclusive property of the individual or can groups have a mind of their own? We explore this question from the perspective of complex adaptive systems. One of the principal insights from this line of work is that rules that govern behavior at one level of analysis (the individual) can cause qualitatively different behavior at higher levels (the group). We review a number of behavioral studies from our lab that demonstrate how groups of people interacting in real-time can self-organize into adaptive, problem-solving group structures. A number of principles are derived concerning the critical features of such “distributed” information processing systems. We suggest that while cognitive science has traditionally focused on the individual, cognitive processes may manifest at many levels including the emergent group-level behavior that results from the interaction of multiple agents and their environment.

Digital Swarms

2017 ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Fernandes ◽  
Ivo Dias de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Generation

By converting a fixed network into a mobile system, personal communications technology radically transformed the way we interact with each other and with the environment. Recently, new generation mobile phones (known as smartphones) increased the capacity of the network nodes and added new properties to mobility, converting a once ordered system into a complex and perhaps adaptive network. In this paper, we argue that contemporary mobile phone networks are large-scale complex adaptive systems—with niches, hierarchy, recirculation of information, coevolutionary interactions, and sophisticated collective behavior—that display remarkable similarities with eusocial insects (ants, bees, wasps and termites). Under this framework, we will discuss the impact of personal communications networks in the urban life, without losing sight of the effects—either positive or negative—of the system's emergent patterns on the network itself and on the individual nodes (personal devices and users).

Favored Places in the Selfish Herd: Trading OS Food and Security

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobbi S. Low ◽  
Douglas Finkbeiner
Keyword(s):  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Selfish Herd ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Individual

A key element in John Holland's approach to the study of complex adaptive systems has been the emergence of interesting macro-level phenomena from a number of simple rules at the micro level. Hamilton, an early member of the BACH brainstorming group that Holland thanks in his introduction to Emergence, used this approach to show that group formation could emerge naturally from individuals' "concerns" over predation in a one-dimensional environment. In this chapter, we use Holland's approach to extend Hamilton's study to include food competition, along with predation, in a two-dimensional world. In the spirit of Holland's approach, we combine empirical data, mathematical modeling, and computer simulation to understand more completely the behaviors that emerge at the group level from individual activities. Group living over extended time entails automatic and substantial costs: disease and parasite transmission, and constant competition for resources. It will, thus, evolve only when specific benefits outweigh the automatic costs [1, 4, 14, 16, 24, 26, 29, 35]. Yet many animals group together, under a variety of conditions. Determining the functionally important costs and benefits in any case is important, but often difficult. Hamilton's seminal paper "Geometry for the Selfish Herd" [4] used a functionally one-dimensional model in which extremely simple rules generated grouping: in a one-dimensional system with a random predator, a prey's domain of danger (the arc in which it was the individual closest to the predator) was reduced by having neighbors. Empirical work since has suggested a variety of particular ways in which heightened safety might arise; these are neither true alternatives, nor easy to distinguish empirically. Other benefits proposed have been: increased foraging efficiency under specified circumstances (i.e., patchily distributed food that is neither consumable nor economically defensible), and for fish, possibly efficiency of movement generated by use of vortices (see Parrish and Hamner [25] for a recent review). Here we examine groups of fish to focus our discussion of the costs and benefits of grouping in fish "congregations" [27]. Congregations typically (1) have distinct edges and relatively uniform densities, and (2) can show alignment and coordinated movement of individuals ("schooling" in fish).

scholarly journals Adaptive DynAmic Pattern Theory (ADAPT) of Psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merlijn Olthof ◽  
Fred Hasselman ◽  
Freek Johannes Wilhelmus Oude Maatman ◽  
Anna Maria Theodora Bosman ◽  
Anna Lichtwarck-Aschoff
Keyword(s):  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pattern Theory ◽  
Adaptive Dynamic ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Dynamic Patterns ◽  
The Individual

There is a renewed interest for complex adaptive system approaches that can account for the inherently complex and dynamic nature of psychopathology. Yet, a theory of psychopathology grounded in the principles of complex adaptive systems is lacking. Here, we present such a theory based on in the notion of adaptive dynamic patterns. We postulate that all observable phenomena of the body and mind are dynamic patterns that emerge from an open complex adaptive system constituted by interdependent biopsychosocial processes located in the individual and its environment, which operate on multiple timescales. Psychopathology is a self-organizing emergent property of a system, meaning that psychopathology arises solely from the interdependencies in the system and is not prescribed by an internal or external ‘blueprint’. While dynamic patterns of psychopathology are highly idiographic in content due to continuous individual-environment transactions, we claim that their change over time can be described by general principles of pattern formation in complex adaptive systems. Our theory thus integrates idiographic and nomothetic science. A discussion of implications for classification, intervention and public health concludes the paper.

scholarly journals Destination governance in times of change: a complex adaptive systems perspective to improve tourism destination development

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
System Level ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Systems Perspective ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Individual

PurposeThis paper brings together the literature on theories of complexity adaptive systems (CAS), develops an analytical framework, applies this framework to the development of tourism destinations and critically reflects on the use of this perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis paper elaborates on a CAS perspective on destination development, to further develop complexity thinking in tourism studies. This approach enables to identify policy avenues geared towards improving destination governance and contributing to sustainable tourism development.FindingsTheories of CAS offer an analytical lens to better understand destination development, drawing explicit attention to (1) the levels of the individual, (emergent) structures, the structure-agency interface and the system level, (2) the steps related to the process of adaptation that is critical for systems to survive and thrive in times of change and (3) the undervalued importance of considering the factor of time.Originality/valueApplying CAS theories help to address a range of (policy) avenues to improve destination governance, contributing to a shift in focus from reactively fixing problems to proactively addressing the structural issue of adaptive capacity building. It shows that managing tourism destination as complex systems involves a set of conditions that are critical as well as difficult to meet in tourism practice.

scholarly journals Cooperating community connections: A changing political reality

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth Graham
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Community Informatics ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Community Informatics has declared that the global is a federation of locals.  James Quilligan has written an essay to the effect that applying such a definition of global requires a world institution of democratic governance.  Some members of the community of community informatics researchers have come to a similar conclusion.  This essay outlines an alternative interpretation based on complex adaptive systems theory, and with consequent results for a different definition of the individual, the community and their interdependence.  It asks the question – where does the predominance of opinion in community informatics about the changing nature of governance and community reside?

Intelligence strategy: the evolutionary and co-evolutionary dynamics of intelligent human organizations and their interacting agents

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Thow Yick Liang
Keyword(s):  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
The Individual

In the knowledge economy, the human minds are the most vital center of analysis. They are the complex adaptive systems capable of processing information, establishing knowledge structure, conceptualizing idea, and making decision. The intrinsic intelligence of the individual minds, as well as the organizational/collective intelligence, drives the dynamic of all human systems. Primarily, the local self-enrichment processes of the interacting agents are autopoietic. In addition, global forces are also present in all human organizations. The global forces are constructive only if they support the elementary processes. The global forces originate from the orgmind of the organization. A complex relationship exists between the interacting agents and their systems. Traditionally, the decision-making dynamic of the human thinking systems has been dealt with in economics concepts such as the “economic” man that focuses on perfect rational decision, and Herbert Simon's “administrative” man that incorporates the idea of bounded rationality. In this study, the dynamic of an “intelligent” person is introduced. An intelligent person does not concentrate on optimality at all times. Instead, such a person adopts the intelligence strategy. An intelligent person is mindful and contributes continuously towards the collective intelligence of the system. The mindset of an intelligent person encompasses continual fast learning, longer-term survival, exploitation of the butterfly effect, and co-evolution with his/her system. In this respect, an intelligent person is a rather dissimilar interacting agent.

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