scholarly journals ACTION THRESHOLD LEVELS OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HBN.) ON COTTON AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF PLANT GROWTH

Author(s):  
Amir Abdullahi Yousif Malik ◽  
Elamin Mohamed Elamin

The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is the most important cotton pest in all the cotton growing areas of the Sudan and most of the protection measures are directed for its management. The previous action threshold level for chemical control interference was increased in 1993 from 10 larvae and/or eggs /100 plants to 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants and no spray to be conducted before flowering advances. This level was being subject to revision since 1999. Studies conducted at the Gezira Research Farm during 2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005 and 2012/2013 were carried out on this regard at growth stages of cotton plants, i.e.  Pre-flowering, flowering and bolls formation stages and the consequence on yield. Barac. (67) B cultivar, Gossypium hirsutum, was used. The action threshold levels were 10, 15, 20 eggs and/or larvae/100 plants and 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants, in addition to untreated and Helicoverpa infestation free as control treatments. The results of damage on fruiting bodies (squares, flowers and bolls) and seed cotton yield showed that there were no significant differences between the tested action threshold levels in the pre-flowering and the flowering stages of cotton growth as compared to the control treatments.  From the yields and number of sprays in the treatments it can be concluded that the already recommended action threshold 30 eggs or 10 larvae/100 plants is still be applied when flowering advances and bolls formed. Moreover, the standing action threshold seems lower than the actual level. Therefore, it is suggested to investigate higher action threshold than that in current use.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
NURINDAH NURINDAH ◽  
DWI ADI SUNARTO

ABSTRAK<br />Helicoverpa armigera adalah salah satu hama utama pada kapas,<br />sehingga perlu dikendalikan. Konsep ambang kendali sebagai salah satu<br />komponen dalam PHT telah dikembangkan untuk H. armigera, namun<br />hanya berdasarkan populasi hama dan belum mempertimbangkan<br />keberadaan musuh alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ambang<br />kendali H. armigera dengan mempertimbangkan keberadaan musuh alami<br />pada skala luas di daerah pengembangan dengan menggunakan lahan<br />petani. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pertanaman kapas tumpangsari<br />dengan kedelai yang ditanam sesudah padi di Kecamatan Mantup dan<br />Kembangbau, Lamongan, Jawa Timur pada Maret-Oktober 2005. Lahan<br />yang digunakan seluas 15 hektar, di bawah pengelolaan 36 petani.<br />Pengujian ambang kendali H. armigera dilakukan dengan menerapkan dua<br />perlakuan konsep ambang kendali yang merupakan bagian dari PHT<br />kapas, yaitu: (1) AKH: 4 tanaman terinfestasi/25 tanaman contoh; dan (2)<br />AKH+MA: 4 tanaman terinfestasi/25 tanaman contoh; jumlah tanaman<br />yang terinfestasi yang teramati dikurangi 1 jika ditemukan 8 ekor predator<br />dan kelipatannya. Jika populasi pada petak perlakuan mencapai ambang<br />kendali, dilakukan penyemprotan dengan Ekstrak Biji Mimba (EBM).<br />Setiap lahan petani dibagi dua, setiap bagian menerapkan satu perlakuan<br />(n=36). Pengamatan dilakukan pada 25 unit pengamatan per 1,0 ha yang<br />diambil secara W sampling, setiap 7 hari sejak 50 hari setelah tanam (hst)<br />hingga 90 hst. Satu unit pengamatan adalah 1 m 2 . Parameter yang diamati<br />secara periodik adalah populasi H. armigera (telur dan larva); kerusakan<br />buah, hasil kapas berbiji, serta penggunaan saprodi dan tenaga kerja untuk<br />pengendalian hama. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa dengan menggunakan<br />uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa populasi H. armigera pada<br />kapas + kedelai dapat ditekan oleh musuh alaminya, khususnya kompleks<br />predator yang terdiri atas laba-laba, kumbang kubah dan kepik mirid.<br />Populasi kompleks predator dapat mencapai 40-80 ekor/25 tanaman.<br />Dengan demikian, penerapan ambang kendali H. armigera pada kapas +<br />kedelai dengan memperhitungkan keberadaan predator menyebabkan tidak<br />perlu dilakukannya penyemprotan insektisida sama sekali, sehingga<br />terdapat keuntungan ekonomis, yaitu penghematan biaya saprodi sebesar<br />Rp 259.000 per hektar dan keuntungan ekologis, yaitu tidak tercemarnya<br />lingkungan oleh senyawa toksik.<br />Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum L., ambang kendali, Helicoverpa<br />armigera, Jawa Timur<br />ABSTRACT<br />Action  threshold  for  Helicoverpa  armigera  by<br />considering the presence of predators on cotton<br />Helicoverpa armigera on cotton was considered as the main pest,<br />therefore it always be a focus of pest control. Action threshold concept as<br />an IPM component had been developed for H. armigera on cotton;<br />however it has not considered the presence of natural enemies. The<br />objective of this research is to test the action threshold of H. armigera by<br />considering the presence of natural enemies on cotton intercropped with<br />soybean in farmers’ fields. The test involved 15 hectares of farmers’<br />fields (involving 36 farmers) in Lamongan, East Java in March-October<br />2005. The action thresholds for H. armigera tested were: (1) AKH: 4<br />infested plants/25 sample plants; and (2) AKH+MA: 4 infested plants/25<br />sample plants, and the number of infested plants observed was subtracted<br />by 1 when 8 predators, and it’s folded up, were found in the sample plants.<br />Spray of neem seed extract (NSE) was applied when the pest population<br />reached action threshold level. Each farmer field was divided into two<br />parts to accommodate the treatments. The observations were made<br />periodically on 25 units per 1,0 hectare in 7-days interval on 50 – 90 days<br />after planting (dap). The size of observation unit was 1 m 2 . Parameters<br />observed included H. armigera population (egg and larva); damage bolls,<br />seed cotton production and the cost of pest control. Data were analysed by<br />using t-test. The results showed that H. armigera population on cotton<br />intercropped with soybean could be repress by its natural enemies,<br />especially by the complex predator (consisted of spiders, lady bird beetles<br />and predatory mirid bugs) to be always under action threshold level. The<br />application of action threshold by considering the presence of predator in<br />cotton + soybean fields would lead to unsprayed cultivation. Resulted<br />economical benefit by saving of the production cost Rp 259.000 per<br />hectare as well as ecological advantage by avoiding of sprays of toxic<br />materials in the environment.<br />Key words : Cotton,  Gossypium  hirsutum  L.,  action  threshold,<br />Helicoverpa armigera, East Java


Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Black ◽  
Gus M. Lorenz ◽  
Aaron J. Cato ◽  
Nick R. Bateman ◽  
Nicholas J. Seiter

Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) is a naturally occurring virus commercially produced for control of Heliothines, including Helicoverpa zea. One drawback with using this virus for control has been the slower time to mortality compared with synthetic insecticides. However, a new formulation (Heligen®) has anecdotally been thought to result in quicker mortality than previously observed. The objective of this study was to evaluate percent defoliation, the efficacy of HearNPV on mortality for each H. zea larval instar, and the potential for control of a second infestation. Fourteen days after the first infestation, all plants were re-infested with a second instar larva to simulate a second infestation. Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus was effective at killing 1st–3rd instars, resulting in 99% mortality over 4–6 days. However, 4th and 5th instar mortality only reached 35%. Second infestation larvae died between 3.4 and 3.8 days, significantly faster than the 1st infestation of 2nd instars, which had a mean time to mortality of 4.9 days. An increase in mortality rate is probably due to increasing viral concentrations after viral replication within the first hosts. Final defoliation percentages were significantly smaller in the treated plants versus the untreated plants. Only 3rd and 4th instar larvae caused percent defoliation to exceed the current Arkansas action threshold of 40%. Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus in the Heligen formulation can control 1st–3rd instars within 4–6 days, while keeping defoliation below the action threshold of 40%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5941
Author(s):  
Abigail Ngugi-Dawit ◽  
Isaac Njaci ◽  
Thomas J.V. Higgins ◽  
Brett Williams ◽  
Sita R. Ghimire ◽  
...  

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh] is an economically important legume playing a crucial role in the semi-arid tropics. Pigeonpea is susceptible to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which causes devastating yield losses. This pest is developing resistance to many commercially available insecticides. Therefore, crop wild relatives of pigeonpea, are being considered as potential sources of genes to expand the genetic base of cultivated pigeonpea to improve traits such as host plant resistance to pests and pathogens. Quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted using the tandem mass tag platform to identify differentially abundant proteins between IBS 3471 and ICPL 87 tolerant accession and susceptible variety to H. armigera, respectively. Leaf proteome were analysed at the vegetative and flowering/podding growth stages. H. armigera tolerance in IBS 3471 appeared to be related to enhanced defence responses, such as changes in secondary metabolite precursors, antioxidants, and the phenylpropanoid pathway. The development of larvae fed on an artificial diet with IBS 3471 lyophilised leaves showed similar inhibition with those fed on an artificial diet with quercetin concentrations with 32 mg/25 g of artificial diet. DAB staining (3,3’-diaminobenzidine) revealed a rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species in IBS 3471. We conclude that IBS 3471 is an ideal candidate for improving the genetic base of cultivated pigeonpea, including traits for host plant resistance.


1993 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. van den Berg ◽  
M. J. W. Cock ◽  
G. I. Oduor ◽  
E. K. Onsongo

AbstractSmallholder crops (sunflower, maize, sorghum and cotton) were grown in experimental plots at seven sites, representing different agricultural zones of Kenya, over four seasons. Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (formerly Heliothis armigera) only occasionally achieved population densities sufficient to cause obvious damage to the crops, and was virtually absent from the coastal sites. At the inland sites, infestation and mortality levels varied greatly. Information is presented on the incidence of H. armigera, and the identity, distribution and frequency of its common parasitoids and (potential) predators, sampled in the experimental plots. Trichogrammatoidea spp., egg parasitoids, and Linnaemya longirostris (Macquart), a tachinid late-larval parasitoid, were the most common parasitoid species, but total percentage parasitism was rather low. Of the large complex of predators, only anthocorids and ants (predominantly Pheidole spp., Myrmicaria spp. and Camponotus spp.) were sufficiently common and widespread to be of importance in suppressing H. armigera. The abundance of predators fluctuated widely between sites, but anthocorids were most abundant at the western sites.


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