scholarly journals IRRATIONAL DRUG USE;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1494
Author(s):  
Zahid Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Hanif Mengal ◽  
Sheraz Saleem ◽  
Haroon-ur- Rashid ◽  
Safirah Maheen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

Objectives: To evaluate drug prescribing practices at Medical Unit, ICU andNephrology Unit, using WHO prescribing indicators, in order to promote rational drug use.Study Design: A retrospective cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: BolanMedical Complex Hospital Quetta, Pakistan, from July to December 2015. Methodology: Drugprescribing trends in 218 prescriptions were scrutinized thoroughly. Data was collected bywell-trained pharmacy personals by using prescriptions and prescription registration booksof patients. Descriptive statistics were calculated on SPSS version 16.0. Results: The averagenumber of drugs prescribed per prescription were 4.11 whereas, WHO recommends that itshould be 2.00 or less. Alternatively, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and froman essential drug list were 14.73% and 78.35% while, in accordance with WHO it must be 100%and 70% correspondingly. On the other hand, percentage of encounters having antibiotics orinjections prescribed were 18.33% and 32.79% but according to WHO it should be20% or lessand 10%respectively. Nevertheless, proper diagnosis was stated in 89.44% of prescriptionsand 72.11% prescriptions had complete relevance between treatment and diagnosis. Alongwith, appropriate drug dosage and their administration was instituted in 65.16% of prescriptionsand 73.21% of prescriptions had accurate duration of therapy. Conclusion: The prescribingpatterns in Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta reflect the practice of polypharmacy, whichis more of an irrational type in contrast to WHO recommendations. Thus, there is an urge tobring about some interventions to improve the pharmacotherapy.

scholarly journals Prescription auditing based on World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators: A case of Dilla University referral hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6-s) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigatu Addisu Bekele ◽  
Jarsso Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Referral Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Essential Drug ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Rational use of drugs requires that patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of time, at the lowest cost to them and their community. The issues of irrational use of medicines is global and that a global approach coordinated by WHO with more vigorous implementation of leadership and evidence based advocacy of rational use of medicine is essential Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive and quantitative study was conducted at Dilla University Referral Hospital to determine the current prescribing practices. 1440 prescription were selected using systematic random sampling and reviewed retrospectively for a 2-year period from from September 01/2016 to August 31/ 2018 using prescriptions and Prescription registry. Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription was 1.813  ranging from 1 and 6. 1437(99.79%), 1287(89.38%), 1392 (96.67%), 1428 (99.17%) and 0(0%) of the analyzed prescriptions had name of the patient, date, medical record number, age and address of the patients respectively. Antibiotic and injection was prescribed in 842(58.47%) and 94(6.53%) of encounters respectively. The Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from an essential drug list was 85.33% (n=2227) and 97.43% (n=2543), respectively. Of the total 2610 drugs, 2431(93.14%) drugs were actually dispensed. Conclusion: Polypharmacy, percentage of encounters with with injection and percentage of drugs from essential drug list was within acceptable range. The prescribing practice for antibiotics and generic medicines shows significant deviation from WHO. Keywords: Prescription auditing, WHO prescribing indicators,  Dilla University Referral Hospital.

scholarly journals Prescribing patterns in primary and secondary level government health facilities in a district of Assam: a cross sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2077
Author(s):  
Dakshadhwari Upadhyay ◽  
Rashmi Ahmed ◽  
Rupali Baruah ◽  
Manjit Boruah
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Essential Drug ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Level Government

Background: Indian markets are flooded with more than 100,000 formulations, compared to approximately 350 formulations listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) essential drug list. To promote rational drug use in developing countries, assessment of drug use patterns with the WHO drug use indicators is becoming increasingly necessary. This study was conducted to study the prescribing patterns using WHO prescribing indicators in government healthcare facilities in a district of Assam.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out from July to September 2017. Out of total 4 blocks in Tinsukia district one (Ketetong) was randomly selected. All the primary and secondary level government health facilities were included and visited one by one. All the prescriptions on that day of visit were digitally photographed at the pharmacy of the health institution after taking written informed consent from the patient. A total of 353 prescriptions were scrutinized and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Out of total 353 prescriptions collected, 11 were illegible and excluded from the analysis. The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.8. In 62.3% of encounters antibiotics were prescribed and injections were prescribed in 30.1% encounters. 71.8% drugs were prescribed by generic name and 56.2% drugs were prescribed from the essential drug list (EDL).Conclusions: The average number of drugs, percentage of injections and antibiotics per encounter was higher than recommended whereas prescription by generic name and from EDL or formulary was lower than recommended. Training of healthcare workers on rational drug use is need of the hour.

scholarly journals Assessment of prescription completeness and antibiotic consumption at a rural health and training centre, Delhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Arti Bahl ◽  
Sunil Gupta ◽  
Charan Singh ◽  
Sudhir Kumar Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Health ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Prescribing Practice ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
And Training

Background: The prescription audit is a useful method to assess the doctors’ contribution to the rational use of drugs in a country. A prescription is considered complete when it covers all the parts of the prescription. The polypharmacy increased the risk of drug interaction, dispensing errors and confused the patients for dosage schedules. A prescription with the minimum number of drugs per prescription helps in rational pharmacotherapeutics. The objectives of this study were to describe the pattern and completeness of prescription at rural health and training center and to estimate antibiotic consumption at rural health and training center.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the current prescribing practice at RHTC. Data were collected in the two pharmacies of the rural hospital. A total of 612 prescriptions with the last refill were considered for the assessment.Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription 3.53. The percentage of prescriptions in which an antibiotic was prescribed was 20%. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from an essential drug list was 71.5% and 98.7% respectively. The most commonly prescribed form of antibiotics was extended-spectrum penicillin.Conclusions: All the prescriptions were complete covered parts of prescriptions. The dosing errors were present in maximum prescriptions. The WHO prescribing indicators were within the limits, an average number of drugs per prescription suggests a practice of polypharmacy. The peak of the use of antibiotics was observed in September followed by January and November. The least use of antibiotics was in December followed by June. 

scholarly journals Prescribing practices using WHO prescribing indicators and factors associated with antibiotic prescribing in six community pharmacies in Asmara, Eritrea: a cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebyu Daniel Amaha ◽  
Dawit G. Weldemariam ◽  
Nuru Abdu ◽  
Eyasu H. Tesfamariam
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Factors Affecting

Abstract Background Antibiotics require more prudent prescribing, dispensing and administration than other medicines because these medicines are at a greater risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Studying the current medicine use practices and factors affecting the prescribing of an antibiotic would help decision makers to draft policies that would enable a more rational use of medicines. Methods A prospective, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the current prescribing practices including antibiotics use in six community pharmacies in Asmara. A total of 600 encounters were reviewed using the WHO core prescribing indicators between May 5 and May 12, 2019 using stratified random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were employed using IBM SPSS® (version 22). Results The average number of medicines per prescription was 1.76 and 83.14% of the medicines were prescribed using generic names while 98.39% of the medicines were from the National Essential Medicines List (NEML). The percentage of prescriptions containing antibiotics was 53%. The number of encounters containing injections was 7.8%. Patient age, gender and number of medicines prescribed were significantly associated with antibiotic prescribing at bivariate and multivariable models. Subjects under the age of 15 were approximately three times more likely to be prescribed antibiotic compared to subjects whose age is 65 and above (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.93, 95%CI: 1.71–5). Similarly, males were more likely to be prescribed antibiotic than females (AOR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.10–2.24). Subjects to whom three to four medicines prescribed were two times more likely to be prescribed an antibiotic compared to those who were to be prescribed one to two medicines per encounter (AOR: 2.17, 95%CI: 1.35–3.5). A one-unit increase in the number of medicines increased the odds of antibiotic prescribing increased by 2.02 units (COR: 2.02; 95%CI: 1.62–2.52). Conclusions This study found that the percentage of antibiotics being prescribed at the community pharmacies in Asmara was 53% which deviated significantly from the WHO recommended values (20–26.8%). Furthermore, the percentage of encounters with an injection was 7.8% lower than the WHO value of 13.4–24.0%. Patients’ age, gender and number of medicines were significantly associated with antibiotic prescribing.

scholarly journals Assessment of medication prescription pattern at Bole health center, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahle Asfaw Jabo ◽  
Abubeker Goitabe Tebeka ◽  
Degemu S. Asebe ◽  
Frehiwot Zerihun Beri ◽  
Dejen Melese Temesgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Medication Prescription ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Health Organization

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Inappropriate use of medicines becomes a common global problem. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns at Bole health center, using some of the World Health Organization (WHO) core drug use indicators</span>.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the current prescribing practices at the health center. A sample of 720 prescriptions was selected by using stratified random sampling method from 11,040 prescriptions written for the 5 month period from August 1- December 30, 2016. Data were collected from prescription papers filed in the pharmacy. </span><span lang="EN-IN"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.03. The percentage of encounters in which antibiotics prescribed was 67.36%. The proportion of drugs prescribed by generic name and from an essential drug list was 98.14% and 99.25%, respectively</span>.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The prescribing practice for antibiotic and average number of medicines per prescription shows deviation from the standard recommended by WHO. Great emphasis should be given to restrict inappropriate use of antibiotics. </span></p>

scholarly journals ANTIDOTES;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (07) ◽  
pp. 955-959
Author(s):  
Zunaira Butt ◽  
Saima Shahid ◽  
Zujajah Gull ◽  
Munaza Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Poison Control ◽  
Poison Control Center ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Study Setting

Introduction: To assess the current status of antidotes in hospital formulary& their comparison with list of antidotes mentioned in National Essential Drug List (NEDL).Evaluation of treatments for poisoned patients and establishment of Poison Control Center (PCC).Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Different Government and Private Hospitalsof Lahore. Period: 02 months (August 2015 - September 2016). Material and Methods: Adetailed questionnaire was prepared for the collection of data. Data was illustrated as graphsand tables. Results: All antidotes mentioned in NEDL are present not in a single hospital ofLahore. Atropine (87%), Flumazenil (80%), Magnesium Sulphate (80%) were present in majorityof the hospitals. On the contrary, Penicillamine, Obidoxime and Sodium Thiosulphate wereobsolete in all hospitals. Although antidotes were not fully available in both government andprivate hospitals of Lahore but the situation is worse in case of private hospitals. Conclusion:High cost and late procurement are the reasons for Delay in treatment of poisoned patients.Not a single Poison Control Center is present in Lahore. Affirmative actions should be taken toimprove the accessibility of antidotes in hospitals. There is emergent need to establish PoisonControl Center.

scholarly journals Evaluating drug prescription patterns in children according to World Health Organisation's indicators, Kigali, Rwanda: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspard HABIMANA ◽  
Theogene Nyandwi ◽  
Jean Claude Kabayiza ◽  
Pierre Claver Kayumba
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Care Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescription Patterns ◽  
Essential Drug List

Abstract Background Irrational drug use is a worldwide problem at all levels of health care, especially in hospitals. Prescribers in community tend to omit hospital prescribing practices, thus this problem is present at all levels of health care. Use of medicines can be greatly improved and wastage reduced if simple principles of drug management are followed. To help in solving this problem, World Health Organization (WHO) has designed prescribing core indicators that were used to evaluate drug prescription patterns in Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB) affiliated patients.Material and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study with quantitative analysis was carried out for a period of six months. Among the 1000 prescriptions collected, 18 of them were rejected for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria, the remaining 982 prescriptions were almost distributed equally from either private and public hospital or clinics. The study analyzed prescriptions from health facilities located in Kigali City, Rwanda. The results were presented in table with comparisons with the WHO prescription indicators.Results The average number of drugs per prescription is 2.4 which is higher than 1.8 recommended by WHO. The percentages of drugs prescribed with a generic name and those from National Essential drug List are 28.5% and 61.1% respectively, which are very low compared to WHO target of 100% for both core prescribing indicators. The percentage of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed is 42.5% and the encounters who received an injections account 1.2%.Conclusion This study revealed that there is a big gap in implementing WHO core indicators of prescription and concerned stakeholders should take measures to address this issue.

scholarly journals Drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Sheikh Sultan Hassan Yabere Referral Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-s) ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Muktar Shekabdulahi Warsame
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Prescribing Pattern ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Use Pattern ◽  
Drug Use Pattern

Introduction: In order to enhance rational drug use, it is very important to assess the prescribing pattern of the facilities using standard prescribing checklists. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Sheikh Hassan Sultan Yabere Referral Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Objective: the objective of this study is to assess drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Sheikh Hassan Sultan Yabere Referral Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia 2019 Method: Retrospective study design was  employed to assess the current drug prescribing pattern of Sheikh Hassan Sultan Yabere Referral Hospital.Six Month  prescription  papers from December 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 were surveyed. A total of 600 prescriptions that were selected using systematic random sampling were reviewed. Data was collected from prescriptions at outpatient pharmacy. The data was entered to excel and analyzed and presented with tables and charts. Results: The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter or mean was 1.98 with a range between one and six drugs. The percentage of encounters in which an antibiotic or injection prescribed were 60 % (n=600) and 2.5 % (n=600) respectively. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from an essential drug list were 89.5 % (n=600) and 98.99% (n=600). The commonly prescribed forms of antibiotics were Amoxicillin (19.15%), Amoxicillin/Clavulunate (17.41) and Azithromycin (16.83%).The most commonly prescribed injection was Ceftriaxone (52.14%). Conclusion: This study revealed major deviation from standard WHO recommended rational prescribing practice with regard to antibiotic use. The study also showed deviation from WHO standard with regard to use of generic name and prescribing from national formulary/Essential drug list. Keywords: Rational drug use, prescribing pattern, WHO prescribing indicators Jigjiga, Somali Region.

Assessment of Antibiotic Prescription Pattern Using who Prescribing Indicators and Aware Categorization of Antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2872-2875
Author(s):  
Sidra Mushtaq ◽  
Fatima Javed ◽  
Mufakhara Fatimah ◽  
Zaeem Sohail Jafar ◽  
Syeda Tahira Zaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Treatment Guideline ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Prescription Pattern ◽  
Optimal Value

Background: Medicines play a crucial role in the healthcare delivery of a hospital. The appropriate use of medicines gives us assessment of the quality of health services being provided in a particular region. Aim: To evaluate the prescribing practices and antibiotic utilization patterns so that the extent of irrational use can be assessed by comparing them with published ideal values set by WHO. Study design: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Teaching Hospital of Faisalabad: Independent University Hospital (IUH), from Jan 2018 to June/July 2018. Methodology: 200 cases were selected through systematic random sampling from medicine/surgery wards and pharmacy registers. The standard World Health Organization prescribing indicators and AWaRe categorization of antibiotics were used to assess the prescribing practices of physicians/surgeons. Published ideal standards for each of the indicators were compared with study findings to identify extent of irrational drug use. Results: Most of the facility indicators were met with. The Drug and Therapeutic Committee (DTC) was functional. The Standard treatment guideline booklets (STGs) and Essential Drugs List (EDL) of the hospital were available. 88% of the key drugs listed in EDL were available in stock. The expenditure on antibiotics compared to total medicines was 17%. Regarding prescribing indicators: the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 6 (optimal value 1.6–1.8). Average no of antibiotic per prescription amounted to almost 1 (0.925). % prescriptions with an antibiotic amounted to 72% (optimal value 20-26.8%).72% antibiotics were prescribed from the EDL formulary of the hospital (optimal value 100%). Conclusion: Regarding compliance with prescribing indicators and AWaRe categorization of antibiotics by WHO, significant deviation was observed. Education and training of physicians according to WHO parameters is required to ensure rational prescribing. Keywords: Prescription pattern, WHO Prescribing Indicators, AWaRe Categorization

Evaluation of Drug Utilization Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Endodontic Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1191-1195
Author(s):  
Sushmita Shrestha ◽  
Navin Agrawal ◽  
Deependra Prasad Sarraf
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilization ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Utilization Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescribing Indicators ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Dental Practitioners

Introduction: Irrational or inappropriate prescribing practice is common in developing countries that can lead to ineffective treatment, prolonged hospitalization, harm to the patient, increased treatment cost and development of drug-resistant organisms. The prescription of antibiotics and other drugs in endodontics is limited to patients with progressive and diffuse swelling and with systemic infection. However, antibiotics continue to be over-prescribed by more than 66% dentists without a rational justification.Therefore, the periodic assessment of drug utilization pattern is important to know the existing pattern of drug use, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to the prescribers. Objective: To evaluate the drug utilization pattern in endodontics using the World Health Organization prescribing indicators. Methodology: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. After obtaining the informed consent, the relevant data were collected on a self-designed proforma by reviewing the health cards of the patients. The WHO prescribing indicators were calculated. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 11.0. Results: Out of 187 patients, 101 (54%) were female. Mean age was 38.9±16.6 years. Majority of the patients suffered from acute apical periodontitis (30.5%). A total of 281 drugs were prescribed to 187 patients. Paracetamol+Ibuprofen (44.1%) was the most frequently prescribed drugs. Most of the patients were prescribed one drug (78.6%).  Average drug per prescription was 1.5. Majority of the drugs (89.0%) were prescribed from Essential drug list of Nepal. Conclusions: Analgesics were the most frequently prescribed drug. The prescription practice was rational. There is need to increase the number of medicine prescribed from National List of Essential medicines.Educational initiatives should be undertaken to further strengthen the rational prescription among dental practitioners.

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