scholarly journals Screening of Rabies among Dogs in Kelantan Using Direct Fluorescence Antibody Test (DFAT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Fawzia Shalsh ◽  
Imad Ibrahim Ali Al-Sultana ◽  
Abdul Rahman Bin Azizc, ◽  
Salahudeen Muhamad Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Viral Glycoprotein ◽  
Domestic Livestock

Inarguably, in several developing and in-transition countries, human are threatened by the occurrence of rabies in domestic dogs and it is posing a major concern. However, the infection of rabies in domestic livestock could definitely have economic consequences. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of rabies among dogs in Kelantan by the use of Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT) to determine presence of rabies infection in dogs. The detected rabies cases were 12.5% (1 out of 8 samples). The finding might be inconclusive due to small sample size. It was generally difficult to obtain a satisfactory large number representing high sample size. The positive control used in this research work is made up of inactivated rabies vaccine (Rabisin®) whose antigenic determinant is the viral glycoprotein. It was sufficient to be used although the use of live rabies virus for inoculation in brain tissue smear would be a better option for positive control. The finding from the florescence microscopy examination reveals a good brilliant green fluoresce of high grade (+4) for the positive control. The results of the samples show all negative at conjugate dilution 1:100.

scholarly journals THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF CUPPING ON NON-SPECIFIC NECK AND LOW BACK PAIN - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Danish Rasool
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND & AIMS Neck and low back pain are the major musculoskeletal problems effecting people around the globe. Increasing number of researches underpin the effects of cupping in neck and low back pain. However, empirical studies are required to confirm the efficiency of cupping therapy. Therefore, the aim of this review was to examine the efficacy of cupping treatment in non-specific neck and low back pain. STUDY SELECTION & ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This systematic review included Randomized Controlled Trials focused on cupping therapy and its effects on neck and low back pain. Extensive search was performed on Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE and Pedro databases. Studies published from 2009 to 2017 were included. RESULTS Eight RCT’s with a 659 sample size were selected for review. Compared to other cupping methods ‘wet cupping’, ‘fire cupping’ and ‘cupping massage’ were superior in reducing pain in neck and low back pain P<0.001. However, a few cupping techniques showed relatively less significant P<0.133, P<0.05, and P<0.037 in comparison to previously mentioned methods. CONCLUSION Cupping therapy can be beneficial in alleviation of non-specific cervicalgia and lumbago in short-term. However, due to weak evidence and a small sample size, the study was restricted from drawing a definite conclusion. Future high-level evidence and research work is required for confirmative and conclusive recommendation of cupping in clinical settings for musculoskeletal pain.

Application of Ultrasound Elastography for Assessing Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Fiction or Reality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gabbiadini ◽  
Eirini Zacharopoulou ◽  
Federica Furfaro ◽  
Vincenzo Craviotto ◽  
Alessandra Zilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Ultrasound Elastography ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background: Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent strictures represent an important burden in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The detection and evaluation of the degree of fibrosis in stricturing Crohn’s disease (CD) is important to address the best therapeutic strategy (medical anti-inflammatory therapy, endoscopic dilation, surgery). Ultrasound elastography (USE) is a non-invasive technique that has been proposed in the field of IBD for evaluating intestinal stiffness as a biomarker of intestinal fibrosis. Objective: The aim of this review is to discuss the ability and current role of ultrasound elastography in the assessment of intestinal fibrosis. Results and Conclusion: Data on USE in IBD are provided by pilot and proof-of-concept studies with small sample size. The first type of USE investigated was strain elastography, while shear wave elastography has been introduced lately. Despite the heterogeneity of the methods of the studies, USE has been proven to be able to assess intestinal fibrosis in patients with stricturing CD. However, before introducing this technique in current practice, further studies with larger sample size and homogeneous parameters, testing reproducibility, and identification of validated cut-off values are needed.

scholarly journals Confirming known planetary trends using a photometrically selected Kepler sample

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah T Hansen ◽  
Luca Casagrande ◽  
Michael J Ireland ◽  
Jane Lin
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Robust Statistics ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Fitting Algorithm ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Host Stars ◽  
High Metallicity

Abstract Statistical studies of exoplanets and the properties of their host stars have been critical to informing models of planet formation. Numerous trends have arisen in particular from the rich Kepler dataset, including that exoplanets are more likely to be found around stars with a high metallicity and the presence of a “gap” in the distribution of planetary radii at 1.9 R⊕. Here we present a new analysis on the Kepler field, using the APOGEE spectroscopic survey to build a metallicity calibration based on Gaia, 2MASS and Strömgren photometry. This calibration, along with masses and radii derived from a Bayesian isochrone fitting algorithm, is used to test a number of these trends with unbiased, photometrically derived parameters, albeit with a smaller sample size in comparison to recent studies. We recover that planets are more frequently found around higher metallicity stars; over the entire sample, planetary frequencies are 0.88 ± 0.12 percent for [Fe/H] &lt; 0 and 1.37 ± 0.16 percent for [Fe/H] ≥ 0 but at two sigma we find that the size of exoplanets influences the strength of this trend. We also recover the planet radius gap, along with a slight positive correlation with stellar mass. We conclude that this method shows promise to derive robust statistics of exoplanets. We also remark that spectrophotometry from Gaia DR3 will have an effective resolution similar to narrow band filters and allow to overcome the small sample size inherent in this study.

scholarly journals The use of diversity indices for local assessment of marine sediment quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Hosokawa ◽  
Kyosuke Momota ◽  
Anthony A. Chariton ◽  
Ryoji Naito ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Species Density ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Two Indices

AbstractDiversity indices are commonly used to measure changes in marine benthic communities. However, the reliability (and therefore suitability) of these indices for detecting environmental change is often unclear because of small sample size and the inappropriate choice of communities for analysis. This study explored uncertainties in taxonomic density and two indices of community structure in our target region, Japan, and in two local areas within this region, and explored potential solutions. Our analysis of the Japanese regional dataset showed a decrease in family density and a dominance of a few species as sediment conditions become degraded. Local case studies showed that species density is affected by sediment degradation at sites where multiple communities coexist. However, two indices of community structure could become insensitive because of masking by community variability, and small sample size sometimes caused misleading or inaccurate estimates of these indices. We conclude that species density is a sensitive indicator of change in marine benthic communities, and emphasise that indices of community structure should only be used when the community structure of the target community is distinguishable from other coexisting communities and there is sufficient sample size.

scholarly journals Reliability estimation for drive axle of wheel loader under extreme small sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 168781401983684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilei Cao ◽  
Lulu Cao ◽  
Lei Guo ◽  
Kui Liu ◽  
Xin Ding
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Fatigue Reliability ◽  
Drive Axle ◽  
Semi Empirical

It is difficult to have enough samples to implement the full-scale life test on the loader drive axle due to high cost. But the extreme small sample size can hardly meet the statistical requirements of the traditional reliability analysis methods. In this work, the method of combining virtual sample expanding with Bootstrap is proposed to evaluate the fatigue reliability of the loader drive axle with extreme small sample. First, the sample size is expanded by virtual augmentation method to meet the requirement of Bootstrap method. Then, a modified Bootstrap method is used to evaluate the fatigue reliability of the expanded sample. Finally, the feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by comparing the results with the semi-empirical estimation method. Moreover, from the practical perspective, the promising result from this study indicates that the proposed method is more efficient than the semi-empirical method. The proposed method provides a new way for the reliability evaluation of costly and complex structures.

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