scholarly journals Charting the Score in a Multimedia Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Donin ◽  
Jonathan Goldman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
20Th Century Music ◽  
Paradigmatic Analysis ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
The 19Th Century

Interested in what a contemporary practice of paradigmatic analysis might look like, the authors describe their research project aimed at studying past practices as well as conceiving of future possibilities in the form of a software tool. This article provides working, interactive samples of a prototype of this tool, which can be accessed by clicking on the applications contained in the article. By examining the “situatedness” of the analyst, the paradigmatic approach is seen not only as a precursor of the automatizing ambitions of late 20th-century music theory and musicology, but also as a structuralist reinvention of a tradition of listening that began with the analytical practices which emerged in Wagnerian Europe at the end of the 19th century.

Abortion and Infanticide

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Public Defense ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of infanticide and abortion in Latin America has garnered increasing attention in the past two decades. Particularities of topic and temporal focus characterize this work and shape this bibliography’s geographic organization. Mexico possesses the most developed scholarship in both the colonial and modern periods. There, tracing of the persistence of pre-Conquest Indigenous medical knowledge and the endurance of paraprofessional obstetrical practitioners through the colonial era and into the 19th century features prominently and echoes some of the scholarship examining European midwives’ administration of plant-based abortifacients in the medieval and Early Modern eras. This topic plays a role, but a much less prominent one in scholarship on Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. Scholars of Brazil, the Caribbean, and circum-Caribbean have focused in particular on the issue of enslaved mothers’ commission of infanticide and abortion on their own children in the 18th and 19th centuries, a particularly fraught issue in the context of the abolition of the slave trade. A central assumption in much scholarship on the 19th-century professionalization (and masculinization) of obstetrical medicine is that the marginalization of midwives entailed a reduction in women’s access to abortion, although this position has been challenged in some recent scholarship on 19th-century Mexico in particular. The examination of the ways that the new republics perceived the crimes of infanticide and abortion in their legal codes, judicial processes, and in community attitudes is a central focus of 19th- and 20th-century scholarship. Scholars have remarked upon the considerable uniformity across all regions of a paucity of denunciations or convictions in the first half of the 19th century and the rise of criminal trials for both crimes in its last three decades. This change coincided (although no one has argued been provoked by) many countries’ issuance of national penal codes in the 1870s and 1880s. This intensification of persecution also coincided with the Catholic church’s articulation of an explicit condemnation of abortion (Pius IX’s 1869 bull Apostolicae Sedis), although demonstrating the concrete implications of this decree to the Latin American setting remains a task yet to be undertaken. Historians of both abortion and infanticide have also concentrated on defendant motives and defenses in criminal investigations. While some highlight defendants’ economic desperation, most scholars argue that the public defense of female sexual honor was a crucial motivator, which courts understood as a legitimate concern in 19th- and even mid-20th-century trials. Scholarship on 20th-century infanticide and abortion history continues to concentrate on fluctuations in attitudes toward honor, gender, and the family as influences on criminal codes and especially judicial sentencing for both acts, and toward the late 20th century on feminist efforts to decriminalize abortion that have met with varied success across countries.

Matriarchal Studies

Anthropology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Alice Mann ◽  
Heide Goettner-Abendroth
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Culture Shock ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Gift Economy ◽  
Egalitarian Society ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Evidence of matriarchy had always existed in Western chronicles, albeit scattered or hidden amid other ethnographic tidbits, all of them filtered heavily through the androcentric lens of Christian missionaries or European travelers. Most of these old European sources were either puzzled or horrified by women-led cultures, having had nothing to attach them to but scary stories from Herodotus about the ferocious Amazons as “men-slayers” or the Christian theological depictions of sinful Eve, resulting in the “burning times” (witch hunts). Moving out from Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, especially into Africa and the Americas, home to many matriarchal cultures, was very unsettling to the patriarchal paradigm of Europe. Until quite recently, this culture shock combined with colonialism to ensure that scholarship on matriarchy was crafted exclusively by elite, Western scholars, nearly all of them male and coming from nothing remotely resembling a matriarchal culture. Scholars in the 19th century were all infiltrated by the unilinear, universal evolution theory, as a part of European American colonialism, sporting racist and sexist roots. These disabilities distorted comprehension of the matriarchal form of society, allowing Western scholars either to dismiss it outright as a fantasy or to portray it crudely, as a wicked, Amazonian domination of men. This background left enduring marks on the scholarship around matriarchy until new interest was piqued among German and American scholars in the 19th century, moving thought from the Amazonian conception to the definition of matriarchy as a “mother right.” These scholars remained mired, however, in the racist and sexist premises of European colonialism, well into the 20th century. As colonial Eurocentrism lifted in the mid- to late 20th century, scholars from non-Western, matriarchal cultures worldwide began chiming in on the conversation, in order to revamp old ideas together with Western female scholars. The “maternal values” in matriarchal studies do not indicate Western sentimentalism, but principles formulated by Indigenous, matriarchal societies themselves, in their sayings (e.g., Minangkabau) and in their social rules (e.g., Iroquois), based on the prototype of Mother Nature, as conceptualized in mythology, proverbs, songs, etc. Collating all the evidence of non-Western and Western 21st-century scholarship, matriarchy is here defined as mother-centered societies, based on maternal values: equality, consensus finding, gift giving, and peace building by negotiations. Gift economies, defined by modern matriarchal studies as a transitive relation in closed communities, is a core concept of all matriarchies. The result is a gender-egalitarian society, in which each gender has its own sphere of power and action. All these societies are characterized by matrilinearity, matrilocality, and women as keepers of the land and distributors of food, based on a structured gift economy. As derived from inductive studies of singular matriarchal societies and in collaboration with Indigenous scholars writing on their own communities, the current definition of matriarchy is a mother-centered, gender-egalitarian society that practices the gift economy. Modern matriarchal studies primarily assesses the patterns of those cultures, past and present, in their unique displays of gender egalitarianism and generally social egalitarianism.

Latin American Jewish Literature

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Stavans
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
The 19Th Century

Jewish writing in Latin America is a centuries-old tradition dating back to the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. During the colonial period, it manifested itself among crypto-Jews who hid their religious identity for fear of being persecuted by the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Assimilation mostly decimated this chapter, which is often seen as connected with Sephardic literature after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. New waves of Jews arrived in the last third of the 19th century from two geographic locations: the Ottoman Empire (this wave is described as Levantine and its languages as Ladino, French, Spanish, and Arabic) and eastern Europe (or Ashkenazi with Yiddish, German, and central European tongues). Jewish life thrived in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The largest, most artistically productive communities were in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico, and smaller ones existed in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Guatemala, Panama, and Uruguay. Identity as a theme permeates everything written by Latin American Jewish writers. Central issues defining this literary tradition are immigration, anti-Semitism, World War II, Zionism, and the Middle Eastern conflict. The Jewish literary tradition in Latin America has undergone crossovers as a result of translations, global marketing, and the polyglot nature of several of its practitioners. This field of study is still in its infancy. Some important studies on Latin American Jewish history, either continental in scope or by country, appeared in the late 20th century and serve as context for the analysis. The literature has received less attention (some periods, such as the 19th century, are entirely forgotten), although, as this article attests, things are changing. The foundation for daring, in-depth literary explorations as well as interdisciplinary analysis is already in place. When possible this article showcases available monographs, although important research material remains scattered in periodicals and edited volumes.

Malacca Creole Portuguese in the 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan N. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Earlier linguistic research suggested that Malacca Creole Portuguese (MCP) had existed without diglossia with Portuguese ever since the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Malacca in 1642, yet it had experienced some contact with Portuguese in the 19th and 20th centuries. The present study adds significantly to this discussion. It considers a range of information from sociohistorical studies and archival sources (including linguistic data) relating to the Dutch (1642–1795, 1818–1823) and early British (1795–1818, 1823–1884) colonial periods. For the Dutch period, it is seen that contact with other Creole Portuguese communities is likely to have persisted for some time. Most significant, however, is the finding that 19th century texts in Portuguese and creole Portuguese, recently identified in archival sources in London and Graz, show that Portuguese continued to be part of the Malacca sociolinguistic setting until the early British period, and that missionary Indo-Portuguese also had a presence at that time. It is concluded that, rather than presenting a narrow lectal range akin to that of the MCP community in the late 20th century, the creole lectal grid in the 19th century was more complex, and included dimensions of a continuum in a diglossic relationship with Portuguese.

scholarly journals Changes in the noctuid moth fauna (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae, Noctuidae) of the Karkonosze National Park (SW Poland) at the turn of the 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Janusz Nowacki ◽  
Roman Wąsala
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Park ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
The 19Th Century

Faunistic analysis of records of noctuid moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Erebidae, Noctuidae) from the Karkonosze National Park (Karkonosze Mts., southern Poland) obtained at the turn of the 19th century, in the late 20th century and the last two years has revealed changes in this assemblage: 18 species were never recorded before in this national park, and 9 of them were new to the Polish Karkonosze Mts. as a whole. A further 11 species were found that had been recorded at the turn of the 19th century but not confirmed in the late 20th century.

The ‘Women of New York’: A Fashionable Moral Geography

10.1068/d255 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Domosh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
York City ◽  
Moral Outrage ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Moral Geography ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The 19Th Century

The landscape of mid-19–century New York City was marked by pockets of consumer and leisure spaces. I argue that many of the fears and anxieties generated by this visual efflorescence of consumption focused on what became a socially constructed ‘type’: the New York Woman. The association of moral outrage at the dangers of consumption with spaces inhabited by the New York Woman created what I have called a fashionable moral geography. I suggest that this moral coding of the 19th-century city reverberates in contemporary discussion of late 20th-century cities.

scholarly journals Migrations and origin of the population in the Jadar region - western Serbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Mirko Grcic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
The 19Th Century

Complete population of Jadar region was disturbed by migrations and re-migrations during the 18th and 19th century. Great majority of the population do not originate from Jadar, but represent a kind of "complex", population settled in certain historical circumstances from different Serbian regions. That was influenced by transit and border location of the Jadar region between Turkish and Austrian Empires in the 18th century, and between Serbia and Turkish Empire in the 19th century. Considerable number of refugees was settled in this area from the war-affected Bosnia and Croatia in the late 20th century. The paper statistically analyzes the origin and migrations of the population.

Sufism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Sufism in the United States is notable for its diverse origins, multiple routes of transmission, and variegated forms. West African Muslims were the first to practice Sufism in the Americas, attempting to maintain Sufi-Islamic traditions under the oppressive conditions of 17th-century plantation slavery. In the 19th century, Sufism emerged as a phenomenon with broader cultural impact in the region through American literary interest in Persian Sufi poetry. As the 19th century drew to a close, American fascination with all things occult, metaphysical, and mystical coincided with a draw toward “the wisdom of the East.” In this milieu, Sufism was embraced by small circles of seekers, frequently coming from Theosophical groups. During the 1930s and 1940s, several Black American converts to Islam joined Sufi orders and transmitted Sufi teachings to mosque communities they established in New York and Ohio. The reform of immigration laws in 1965 resulted in the establishment of immigrant Muslim communities throughout the United States. Sufi teachers from Iran, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, and Turkey, among other countries, settled in America and established Sufi groups in the following decades. The second half of the 20th century witnessed the center of gravity of academic study of Sufism shift from Europe to North America, with the proliferation of Sufi works in English translation in the following decades. By the late 20th century, Sufism had matured as a multifaceted example of American religiosity, encompassing immigrant and local Muslim practice as well as esoteric or mystical teachings functioning apart from Muslim identity. Currently, Sufism in the United States can be found as a conspicuous expression of Islamic spirituality, as a spiritual path not necessarily connected to Islam, as a niche within the broader spiritual marketplace, and as a practice with a varied online presence.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Crise de la littérature et partage des disciplines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Blaise ◽  
Małgorzata Sokołowicz ◽  
Sylvie Triaire
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Thought

This volume, the result of a conference held in Warsaw in December 2019 as a part of a Franco-Polish research project on crises in literature, focuses on the relationships that the literature maintains with other fields of knowledge. These relationships, made up of sharing, collaboration or tension, were primarily theorized in the 19th century when the founding "disciplines" of our universities and research practices were established, but they had existed before. The texts presented in this volume allow us to verify this, from the Renaissance period to contemporary literature. They deal with historical circumstances and aesthetic changes in the course of which literature has forged links with religious or historical thought and discourse, accompanied the emergence of sociology or ethnography, and prepared new disciplines, such as demography. And it has always reinvested this new knowledge with a humanist and poetic dimension. Does the literature crisis lay in its capacity for reinvestment of what seems to escape from it and aiming at autonomy?

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