The Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, soft cheese and yoghurt in Baghdad Province by Using ELISA Test

Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with composite and stored fodder as in Althahab Alabiadh, Radhwaniya and Fadhaliya villages had higher significantly AFM1 concentrations over all the other five villages (Grazing feed). All 32 (100%) locally produced soft white cheese samples analyzed were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 31.84 to 89.44 ng/kg with the mean value of 59.92±17.03 ng/kg. Out of 32 locally produced yoghurt samples analyzed, 32 samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.16 to 42.74 ng/kg with the mean value of 16.92±11.55 ng/kg. Thirty samples (100%) of the examined 30 imported UHT milk samples that were collected from different commercial companies in the province of Baghdad presented significantly high contamination level with AFM1 that were found to range from 0.18 to 85.66 ng/kg.

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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.89667 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cagla Turkoglu ◽

Erhan Keyvan

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Animal Health ◽

Mean Value ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Uht Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

The Mean ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Background: Mycotoxins produced by yeast and fungi have toxic effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic hepatocarcinogen to mammals. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which has been found in milk and dairy products, is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1. Aflatoxin M1 is formed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is synthesized by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Ochratoxin A is known to cause teratogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Due to the potential harmful effects on human and animal health, OTA has also been receiving increased attention globally; however, there is limited information on the presence of OTA in milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine how mycotoxins impact the hygienic quality of raw and heat-processed milk.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, a total of 105 milk samples were analyzed (35 raw, 35 pasteurized and 35 UHT) to identify AFM1 and OTA in raw, pasteurized and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) milk. The levels of AFM1 were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk samples were centrifugedin order to remove the fat content from the milk. After centrifugation, the upper cream layer was withdrawn with a pipette. The non-fat liquid portion was placed in wells at 100 μL for analysis. The concentration of AFM1 in the milk samples was analyzed by AFM1 test kit.The milk samples with AFM1 levels greater than 50 ng/L were confirmed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). An Ochratoxin A Serum / Milk ELISA test kit was used for the analyses of OTA. The analyses were made according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and samples were analyzed in duplicate. The absorbance value of milk samples was obtained from the ELISA plate reader at 450 nm. The mean value of AFM1 was found to be 19.54 ng/L in the milk samples. According to the European Commission (EC), the maximum limit for AFM1 in milk is 50 ng/L. In our study, eight (7.61%) of the 105 samples exceeded this limit. The mean value of OTA was found to be 119 ng/L in the milk samples. The relationship between milk type and levels of AFM1 was found to be significant at (P < 0.01). The mean value of AFM1 in pasteurized milk was found statistically significant and lower than raw milk (P < 0.05). The difference between levels of OTA and milk type was not statistically significant at (P > 0.05).Discussion: Milk is a great protein source especially for children in the age of growth. Yeasts such as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium produce mycotoxins that cause food, feed contamination. Owing to carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects of AFM1, presence of AFM1 in milk samples may adversely affect human health. The presence of AFM1 in different contamination levels can be observed in milk and milk products. Factors such as ration type, climate conditions, feed storage conditions, feeding regime and health status of dairy animals may be effective in the occurrence of these contamination. It is necessary to establish legal limits by conducting effective research on the existence of OTA in animal-derived products. The existence of mycotoxins in milk and dairy products can be reduced by preventing the contamination of feed materials with yeast and molds used in the feeding of dairy cows. Milk is one of the most important protein source for the human, effective hygienic controls should be applied to prevent microbiological and chemical hazards. Our data suggest that heat-treated milk may also be dangerous to human health, mycotoxins contamination should be controled with monitoring programs routinely in milk and feed materials for food safety. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A in Raw, Pasteurized and UHT Milk in Turkey

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Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in Milk and Dairy Products

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-43.7.536 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 536-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. A. EL-BASSIONY

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Ice Cream ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Mean Value ◽

Processed Cheese ◽

Mean Values ◽

Milk Products ◽

The Mean ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

A total of 163 samples of milk and milk products (including raw milk, Damietta and Kareish cheese, hard and processed cheese, yogurt, butter and ice cream) were collected from Assiut City markets. Clostridium perfringens was detected in 45.5, 20, 30, 14.3, 20, 10, 50 and 20% of the examined samples, respectively, using SPS agar. With TSN agar, the organism was isolated from 72.7, 20, 30, 28.6, 50, 10, 50, and 30% of the samples, respectively. The mean value of the C. perfringens count using SPS agar was 53.6/ml, 40/g, 60/g, 14.3/g, 30/g, 1.4/g, 25/g and 8/ml of raw milk, Damietta and Kareish cheese, hard and processed cheese, yogurt, butter and ice cream samples, respectively, while the mean values of C. perfringens counts obtained with TSN agar were 76.4/ml, 170/g, 140/g, 42.9/g, 590/g, 2.9/g, 172.9/g, and 109/ml of examined samples, respectively. Milk and dairy products, if improperly handled, provide a means for transmission of C. perfringens to the consumer.

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Aflatoxin M1 contamination level in Iranian milk and dairy products: a systematic review and meta-analysis

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2019.2485 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 67-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. Hamzeh Pour ◽

S. Mahmoudi ◽

S. Masoumi ◽

S. Rezaie ◽

A. Barac ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Livestock Feeds ◽

Aflatoxin B ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Aflatoxin M1 is a derivate of aflatoxin B1 and an important contaminant of milk and dairy products. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on relevant Persian and English original articles in national and international databases with no time limits until 1 January 2018. In total 605 articles were found among which 70 articles met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The prevalence (95% confidence interval (CI)) and mean concentration (95% CI) of aflatoxin M1 was found to be 64% (53-75%) and 39.7 ng/l (31.9-47.4 ng/l) in raw milk, 95% (89-98%) and 62.3 ng/l (40.6-84 ng/l) in pasteurised milk, 71% (56-84%) and 60.1 ng/l (30.9-89.3 ng/l) in sterilised milk, 59% (20-93%) and 5.5 ng/l (3.3-7.7 ng/l) in breast milk and 72% (61-81%) and 82.3 ng/kg (63.7-100.9 ng/kg) in dairy products. In general, 9% (4-16%) of milks and 10% (4-17%) of dairy products had aflatoxin M1 in concentrations exceeding the permitted level of Iranian standards (500 ng/l). Based on the maximum permitted aflatoxin M1 concentration in standards of Europe (50 ng/l), these percentages increase to 25% (18-32%) for milks and 18% (9-29%) for dairy products. According to the results, further control and preventive measures should be applied on livestock feeds because decreased aflatoxin B1 contamination at this level results in decreased aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.

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Presence of moulds and aflatoxin M1 in milk

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0917063j ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 63-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vesna Jankovic ◽

Jelena Vukojevic ◽

Brankica Lakicevic ◽

Radmila Mitrovic ◽

Dejan Vukovic

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Direct Result ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Contamination Level ◽

Infant Food ◽

Fungal Contamination ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Feed Samples

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk or dairy products as a direct result of the cattle's ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). This study comprises mycological and mycotoxicological investigations of 23 milk samples (raw, infant food, pasteurized, whey and yoghurt). The mycological testing showed dominant presence of genus Geotrichum. G. candidum was found in 9 samples, with the highest contamination in the raw milk samples. The contamination level of AM1 is defined by using direct competitive enzyme- -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFM1 was found in 9 samples. AFM1 levels were lower than the recommended limits. However, as AFM1 is considered a probable human carcinogen (2B type), it is necessary to achieve a low level of AFM1 in milk. Therefore, cows' feed samples from various cowsheds are supposed to be evaluated routinely for aflatoxin, and kept away from fungal contamination as much as possible.

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Estimation of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Dairy Products Manufactured from Raw Milk Experimentally Inoculated with Toxin

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v43i1.471 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 50-58

Author(s):

H. S. Alnaemi

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Consumer Health ◽

Goat’S Milk ◽

White Cheese ◽

Elisa Technique ◽

Permissible Levels ◽

Goat's Milk

Fate of AflatoxinM1 in soft white cheese and its by-product (whey) and in yogurt locally made from raw sheep's and goat's milk experimentally inoculated with 0.05 and 0.5 µg/l AflatoxinM1 were investigated using ELISA technique. Results reported that AflatoxinM1 was concentrated in cheese at levels significantly higher than that recorded in the raw milk that used for its processing, with a significant decrease in AflatoxinM1 levels in its by-product (whey) comparable to the raw milk used in manufacturing at both inoculated levels. Yogurt produced from raw sheep's milk at second inoculated level exerted AflatoxinM1concentration significantly lower than that present in the milk. Significant differences in AflatoxinM1distribution in cheese and whey produced from sheep's milk comparable to their counterparts produced from goat's milk were recorded. Finally, results revealed the efficacious role of the various dairy manufacturing processes in AflatoxinM1 distribution and the necessity to issue of local legislations concerning the maximum permissible limits for AflatoxinM1 in milk in order to stay within the universal permissible levels for AflatoxinM1 in dairy products to provide greater protection for consumer health.

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Effect of acidification of raw milk on psychrotrophic microrganims.

Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Alimentos ◽

10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.68 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Marianne Ayumi Shirai ◽

Maria Lucia Masson

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Ph Reduction ◽

Quality Of Milk ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

The contamination of raw milk with psychrotrophic micro-organisms has become a concern because they are able to multiply at refrigeration temperatures and produce heat resistant enzymes that affect the quality of milk and dairy products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidification with CO2 and HCl on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria present in raw milk during cold storage. Raw milk samples were acidified with CO2 and HCl 1N until pH 6,0 and stored at 5 °C for 10 days. The results showed an average reduction of 1 logarithmic cycle in the growth of psychrotrophic and mesophilic microorganisms in samples treated with CO2. Acidification with HCl showed no effect, indicating that inhibitory action was due to CO2 not by pH reduction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.68

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Aflatoxins in Milk and Dairy Products: Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for the Serbian Population

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10217420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 7420

Author(s):

Ilija Djekic ◽

Jelena Petrovic ◽

Milica Jovetic ◽

Azra Redzepovic-Djordjevic ◽

Milica Stulic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exposure Assessment ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Adult Population ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Weather Extremes ◽

Recall Methods ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

The main objective of this study was to assess the exposure associated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) of the adult population in Serbia from consumption of milk and dairy products. This assessment was performed using concentration values of AFM1 in raw milk (385 samples) and dairy products (556 samples) based on the analyses conducted in the period between 2015 and 2018. In parallel, a dairy products consumption survey was completed during 2018 based on ‘one-day’ and ‘seven-day’ recall methods. In order to estimate the intake of AFM1 from the consumption of dairy products for both recall methods, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted. The study revealed that pasteurized milk and yogurt are dairy products mostly consumed by the Serbian adult population. Estimated daily intake of AFM1 was in the range of 62–74 × 10−3 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the recall methods and scenarios employed. Although the results show moderate exposure risks compared to similar studies worldwide, climatic conditions and weather extremes that have occurred recently may have negatively influenced the contamination of feed and, consequently, AFM1 contamination of milk. As a result, it is justifiable to promote continuous monitoring in feed and dairy supply chains in Serbia and provide an update of exposure assessment.

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Occurrence of Enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk from Yaks and Cattle in Mongolia

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1726 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (7) ◽

pp. 1726-1729 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

URANCHIMEG TSEGMED ◽

GIOVANNI NORMANNO ◽

MARIT PRINGLE ◽

KAREL KROVACEK

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Latex Agglutination ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Foodborne Illnesses ◽

First Report ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Staphylococcal food poisoning is considered one of the leading foodborne illnesses in humans worldwide and is associated with contaminated foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of staphylococci and the enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from yaks (Bos mutus) and cattle in Mongolia. Staphylococci were isolated from 72 (74%) of the 97 raw milk samples. Of the samples containing staphylococci, 69% (50 of 72) were from yaks and 30.5% (22 of 72) were from cattle. S. aureus was detected in 10% of yak (7 of 72) and 21% of cattle (15 of 72) milk samples. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C was detected in 23% (5 of 22) of the S. aureus strains investigated, based on the reverse passive latex agglutination technique. Three of the five enterotoxigenic strains were from yaks and two were from cattle. None of the S. aureus strains tested produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, or D. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of staphylococci and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in milk from yaks and cattle in Mongolia.

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Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in raw milk from dairy herds in Colombia

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science ◽

10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.172805 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. e172805

Author(s):

Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar ◽

Adriana del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín ◽

Geraldine Lorena Ángel-Rodríguez ◽

Camila Andrea Zafra-Alba ◽

Olimpo Juan Oliver-Espinosa

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Milk Samples ◽

High Standards ◽

Milking Machine ◽

Milk And Dairy Products

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) that affects public health and can cause death in people. Many outbreaks of Salmonellosis have been reported due to the contamination of raw milk and dairy products with the pathogen. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in milk samples from four dairy herds in the Sabana of Bogotá in 2017, 112 milk samples were taken directly from the mammary gland during milking. All milk samples were cultured and tested to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. using microbiological and molecular methods. Salmonella spp. prevalence of milk samples was found to be 20.5% (n=23). The main Salmonella serovars isolated were S. Newport (60.87%), S. Typhimurium (17.4%), S. Virchow, S. Bredeney, and S. Anatum (4.3% each one of the serovars). However, it was not possible to determine the Salmonella serotype in two isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in milk has not been studied extensively in Colombia. The 20.5% in the prevalence might be due to fact that the sample was taken directly from the mammary gland allowing a better chance of isolation by avoiding the dilutional effect of mixed milk from different cows in the buckets. This also suggests that the infection of the udder could have occurred by hematogenous dissemination or by milking machine contamination. This study highlights the need to implement measures to prevent contamination and reduce the problem in the herds, which will result in milk and dairy products with high standards of innocuity and quality and decrease the risk of foodborne illness.

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