scholarly journals Health for All by the Year 2000: Can Pakistan Meet the Target?

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484
Author(s):  
S. Akbar Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
World Health ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Approach ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Year 2000

Since the late 1970s, the "Primary Health Care" (PHC) approach in order to deliver "Health for All by the Year 2000" (HFA/2000), has been in vogue in all the underdeveloped countries (UOCs) of the world. Nearly all the developed and underdeveloped countries endorsed the proposals set out by the World Health Organization (WHO) at its Conference in Alma Ata in 1978 (WHO 1978). The signing of the Alma Ata Charter supposedly signalled the beginning of a new era which would deal with the problems of health and disease of the great majority of the individuals of planet Earth. Pakistan was also one of the signatories of the Alma Ata Charter and has since the signing, been in the forefront of the movement. Pakistan has become a spokesman for the PHC and HF A/2000 approaches at nearly all international seminars and conferences, and those who rule and can implement policies within the country, have continued giving both the policies active oral support. The Primary Health Care approach is, at least on paper, a fairly radical approach which sets out to deal with much more than the simple problems of the health of the poor of the world. It encompasses a very wide canvas, and issues, which apparently are not related directly to health care, also fall under its terms of reference. It is the purpose of this paper to see whether Pakistan can reach the goals of Health for All by the Year 2000, using the Primary Health Care approach, a goal to which it has committed itself totally.

Health for All and Primary Health Care, 1978–2018: A Historical Perspective on Policies and Programs Over 40 Years

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Rifkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

In 1978, at an international conference in Kazakhstan, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund put forward a policy proposal entitled “Primary Health Care” (PHC). Adopted by all the World Health Organization member states, the proposal catalyzed ideas and experiences by which governments and people began to change their views about how good health was obtained and sustained. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (as it is known, after the city in which the conference was held) committed member states to take action to achieve the WHO definition of health as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Arguing that good health was not merely the result of biomedical advances, health-services provision, and professional care, the declaration stated that health was a human right, that the inequality of health status among the world’s populations was unacceptable, and that people had a right and duty to become involved in the planning and implementation of their own healthcare. It proposed that this policy be supported through collaboration with other government sectors to ensure that health was recognized as a key to development planning. Under the banner call “Health for All by the Year 2000,” WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund set out to turn their vision for improving health into practice. They confronted a number of critical challenges. These included defining PHC and translating PHC into practice, developing frameworks to translate equity into action, experiencing both the potential and the limitations of community participation in helping to achieve the WHO definition of health, and seeking the necessary financing to support the transformation of health systems. These challenges were taken up by global, national, and nongovernmental organization programs in efforts to balance the PHC vision with the realities of health-service delivery. The implementation of these programs had varying degrees of success and failure. In the future, PHC will need to address to critical concerns, the first of which is how to address the pressing health issues of the early 21st century, including climate change, control of noncommunicable diseases, global health emergencies, and the cost and effectiveness of humanitarian aid in the light of increasing violent disturbances and issues around global governance. The second is how PHC will influence policies emerging from the increasing understanding that health interventions should be implemented in the context of complexity rather than as linear, predictable solutions.

Promoting Primary Health Care in Contiguous Urban and Rural Populations: Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehigie Ebomoyi ◽  
Joshua D. Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Health Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Year 2000

The World Health Organization's goal of “Health for All by Year 2000” through Primary Health Care (PHC) is commendable, but can only be attained with the involvement and collaboration of the non-health sectors as well as the health community. Thirteen rural and urban communities in Nigeria were assessed to develop social, health and primary health care profiles. A model for introducing PCH applicable to these communities was prepared.

An Overview of Primary Health Care

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Fry
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Primary health care has become a focus of interest from the World Health Organization down. The hopes that more emphasis on primary care will lead to less expensive and better care will not be realized unless a more critical analysis of its problems is undertaken and some of its defects and deficiencies put right. Its roles must be better defined and the work shared within a team; training and education must be more related to its needs; and much sharper research is required to decide what is useful and what is useless.

Health Care Ten years after Alma Ata

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (267) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Andrei K. Kisselev ◽  
Yuri E. Korneyev
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Goal ◽  
Human Right ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Year 2000

In 1977 the Thirtieth World Health Assembly decided that the main social goal of governments and WHO should be “the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life”.The International Conference on Primary Health Care (PHC), meeting in Alma Ata, USSR, in 1978, asserted that health is a human right and that health care should be accessible, affordable and socially relevant.

scholarly journals Visualising Primary Health Care: World Health Organization Representations of Community Health Workers, 1970–89

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Medcalf ◽  
João Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

For the World Health Organization (WHO), the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration marked a move away from the disease-specific and technologically-focused programmes of the 1950s and 1960s towards a reimagined strategy to provide ‘Health for All by the Year 2000’. This new approach was centred on primary health care, a vision based on acceptable methods and appropriate technologies, devised in collaboration with communities and dependent on their full participation. Since 1948, the WHO had used mass communications strategies to publicise its initiatives and shape public attitudes, and the policy shift in the 1970s required a new visual strategy. In this context, community health workers (CHWs) played a central role as key visual identifiers of Health for All. This article examines a period of picturing and public information work on the part of the WHO regarding CHWs. It sets out to understand how the visual politics of the WHO changed to accommodate PHC as a new priority programme from the 1970s onwards. The argument tracks attempts to define CHWs and examines the techniques employed by the WHO during the 1970s and early 1980s to promote the concept to different audiences around the world. It then moves to explore how the process was evaluated, as well as the difficulties in procuring fresh imagery. Finally, the article traces these representations through the 1980s, when community approaches came under sustained pressure from external and internal factors and imagery took on the supplementary role of defending the concept.

Primary Health Care in War and Disaster and the NorAid System

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rannveig Bremer Fjaer
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
Basic Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Year 2000

AbstractWhen the infrastructure in a community is destroyed by manmade or natural disaster, even the simplest health services may be difficult to maintain. By the Alma Ata declaration, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed, “Health for all by the year 2000.” The program is designed to cover the basic health needs as defined by the Primary Health Care (PHC) system. Therefore, a most important issue in a disaster, is to support, maintain, and rebuild the PHC system, to secure the population's basic health services.Relevant and rapid aid is of great importance in disaster. The physical and psychological strain caused by disaster will increase the need for medical care compared to that during normal times. Child mortality and maternal complications will rise, Many of the 12 million children, who die every year, die as a result of war, refugee conditions, and/or other types of disaster.The NorAid system is equipment composed to provide PHC, with special emphasis on vulnerable groups e.g., women and children. Provided the medical skills are available, it also may function as a hospital. The system already has been used in many countries, and has been found to be relevant, practical, and relatively cheap compared to the benefits achieved.

Primary Health Care and Person Centered Medicine

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Juan E Mezzich ◽  
James Appleyard ◽  
Michel Botbol ◽  
Tesfa Ghebrehiwet ◽  
Joanna Groves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Health Organization

The popular usual meaning of primary care is health care at a basic rather than specialized level for people making an initial approach to a doctor or nurse for treatment. The concept of primary health care has evolved dramatically over the past four decades, particularly under the aegis of the World Health Organization with the additional participation of other institutional actors around the world. It is increasingly recognized as a fundamental concept and strategy for the advancement of health care and the promotion of health at national and international levels.Separately, as the programmatic global initiative on person centered medicine has been unfolding over the past decade, primary care, not surprisingly, is emerging as a prominent topic and concern for advancing person-centered medicine and health care. There are certainly conceptual and strategic reasons for such emergence. There have been as well institutional reasons for this. At the same time, person-centeredness is an open road for the optimization of primary care.Further understanding of the prominent position, special role, and particular challenges of primary care in person centered medicine is contributed by several of the papers published in the present issue of the International Journal of Person Centered Medicine.

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