SARCASM AS A BREACH OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS: SOME THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS

The current paper is devoted to the analysis of sarcasm as a breach of principles of politeness. The aim of the paper is to elicit the peculiarities of sarcasm as an exception to the Politeness Principle suggested by G. Leech (2014) and its conversational function incorporated into the Irony Principle as mock politeness. The Politeness Principle demonstrates that sarcasm is apparently its exploitation as in the case of sarcastic utterances the illocutionary goal opposes the social goal thus providing breach in the model of politeness. The Irony Principle illustrates an explanation of polite utterances appearing as impolite arguing that polite interpretations of such utterances are unsustainable. To support the theory certain examples are analyzed retrieved from an American Depression-era author John Dos Passos’s novel “1919”. As a matter of fact, the debate is around the question whether sarcasm is an apparent exploitation of polite implicature of utterances or it is a category of impoliteness appearing as mock politeness.

Transformation of Civil Law Regulation of Bank Lending to Environmental Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation and the European Union

Introduction: the paper considers the study of the issues of the civil law regulation of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship through the analysis of such concepts as “green banking”, “environmental entrepreneurship”, and “social goal of green financing”. Purpose: the author examines the concept and features of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship, their essential features, highlighted by the civil doctrine and used by judicial practice. Using the methods of scientific cognition, primarily the method of systematic and comparative analysis, the author identifies the constitutive features of bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship by applying an essential-substantive approach to the study of the concept of environmental entrepreneurship and its development in Russia with the help of bank lending. Results: it is established that there is no single approach to understanding bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship in the modern scientific literature. To determine the main approaches to understanding bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship, the author’s approaches to the definition of this phenomenon are systematized. Conclusions: the author concludes that there are no methodologically sound approaches to the financing of environmental entrepreneurship in the banking sector. It seems that the solution to such a problem is possible by creating a universal framework for the methodological support of risk assessment to apply bank lending to environmental entrepreneurship.

Does Personal Goal Pursuit Alleviate Family Caregiver Stress?

Family caregivers may experience reduced stress by maintaining their sense of self throughout their time in a caregiving role. Working towards personal goals is helpful for maintaining a sense of self, but pursuing one’s own goals amidst caregiving responsibilities may be challenging. In this study, we analyze the processes by which caregivers pursue their own personal goals – and how those processes impact daily stress – in an effort to develop a deeper understanding of goal-pursuit as a potential caregiver stress-reducing strategy. We utilized daily data from spousal (N=256 days) and adult-child (N=400 days) caregivers who participated in the PULSE (Personal Understandings of Life and Social Experiences) Project, a 100-day microlongitudinal study on goal pursuit amongst people 50 and older (Hooker et al., 2013). In daily surveys, caregivers reported progress made towards a personally-identified health and social goal, along with a 4-item measure of daily stress. We ran multi-level models to assess how daily goal progress was associated with same-day stress. Spousal caregivers’ daily stress was lower on days when their health goal (Estimate = -1.07, SE = 0.20, p<.0001) and social goal (Estimate = -0.97, SE = 0.15, p<.0001) progress was higher. Similarly, adult-child caregivers’ daily stress was lower on days when their health goal (Estimate = -0.67, SE = 0.19, p<.001) and social goal (Estimate = -0.52, SE 0.24, p=0.03) progress was higher. Results support the hypothesis that maintaining personally-meaningful goals can alleviate caregiver stress, and is a promising tool for caregiver health promotion.

Security Aspects of Critical Infrastructure Protection in Anthropogenic Disasters: A Case Study of Belgrade

Recognized as the basis for maintaining the functionality of the community in disaster conditions, the protection of critical infrastructure is one of the essential measures to improve society's resilience. Starting from the fact that society can be affected by various natural and anthropogenic disasters, the subject of this chapter refers to a comprehensive analysis of the security aspects of critical infrastructure protection in anthropogenic (anthropogenic) disasters. On the other hand, the social goal of the research is to determine the level of public awareness of the importance of protecting critical infrastructure from these disasters. By applying the quantitative research tradition, quantitative research was realized in Belgrade, in which 200 respondents were interviewed by random sampling. The obtained research results unequivocally indicate that preventive action in this area should be mainly focused on adopting strategies based on which plans are made to prevent these disasters and operational procedures from protecting critical infrastructure.

Visualising personas as goal models to find security tensions

Purpose This paper aims to present a tool-supported approach for visualising personas as social goal models, which can subsequently be used to identify security tensions. Design/methodology/approach The authors devised an approach to partially automate the construction of social goal models from personas. The authors provide two examples of how this approach can identify previously hidden implicit vulnerabilities and validate ethical hazards faced by penetration testers and their safeguards. Findings Visualising personas as goal models makes it easier for stakeholders to see implications of their goals being satisfied or denied and designers to incorporate the creation and analysis of such models into the broader requirements engineering (RE) tool-chain. Originality/value The approach can be used with minimal changes to existing user experience and goal modelling approaches and security RE tools.

A Pragmatic Approach to the Intentional Stance Semantic, Empirical and Ethical Considerations for the Design of Artificial Agents

Artificial agents are progressively becoming more present in everyday-life situations and more sophisticated in their interaction affordances. In some specific cases, like Google Duplex, GPT-3 bots or Deep Mind’s AlphaGo Zero, their capabilities reach or exceed human levels. The use contexts of everyday life necessitate making such agents understandable by laypeople. At the same time, displaying human levels of social behavior has kindled the debate over the adoption of Dennett’s ‘intentional stance’. By means of a comparative analysis of the literature on robots and virtual agents, we defend the thesis that approaching these artificial agents ‘as if’ they had intentions and forms of social, goal-oriented rationality is the only way to deal with their complexity on a daily base. Specifically, we claim that this is the only viable strategy for non-expert users to understand, predict and perhaps learn from artificial agents’ behavior in everyday social contexts. Furthermore, we argue that as long as agents are transparent about their design principles and functionality, attributing intentions to their actions is not only essential, but also ethical. Additionally, we propose design guidelines inspired by the debate over the adoption of the intentional stance.

Do racismo na escola a uma escola contra o racismo: reflexões a respeito do cenário brasileiro

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar ponderações a respeito da maneira como o racismo evidente e manifesto em falas e comportamentos de indivíduos na sociedade brasileira contribui para a negação da humanidade e o apagamento de sujeitos em função de seu pertencimento étnico-racial, levando-se em consideração o importante papel que a escola deve desempenhar a fim de combater quaisquer formas de preconceito e discriminação, principalmente produzindo ações que se tornem eficazes já nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental. Para se atingir tal objetivo, utilizou-se como metodologia a pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, com delineamento exploratório, a partir do objetivo definido, e de procedimento bibliográfico com coleta de dados em textos já publicados a respeito do tema e dispostos em materiais impressos ou em meios digitais. O resultado a que chega com o escrito aponta para a necessidade do fortalecimento de práticas pedagógicas e de ações de conscientização para o enfrentamento de grave problema persistente na sociedade brasileira, na qual uma parcela ainda tem insistido na via da negação do racismo e na existência de uma democracia racial. Extraindo-se por conclusão a constatação de que a escola precisa abraçar sua missão social e permitir a efetivação de políticas educacionais incisivas e que se tornem eficazes para a formação de indivíduos dispostos ao diálogo e não ao conflito que apenas alimenta o abismo de ignorância caracterizador de uma sociedade que se tem mostrado, ao menos em parte, indisposta a enfrentar e resolver seus dilemas mais agudos.Palavras-chave: Racismo. Escola. Sociedade brasileira.From racism in school to a school against the racism: considerations about the Brazilian sceneABSTRACTThis article has by aim to present comprehensions about the way racism exposed and manifest em speeches and individual behaviors in Brazilian society contributes to the denial of humanity and the obliteration of some persons by their ethnic recognition, in considering the essential role of the school in this matter struggling any kind of prejudice and discrimination, mostly producing actions with substantial effectiveness mainly in the Elementary School. To achieve that objective, it was made use as methodology the research of qualitative type and exploratory basis with bibliographic procedure of data, accessing texts about the subject in books or digital media. The result of the discussion shows that it is needed the strengthening of pedagogic practices and actions of conscientization to face this chronic problem still existent in the Brazilian society, in which some individuals have insisted in the denial of the racism and in the reality of some kind of racial democracy. Considering by conclusion that it is through the school, assuming its social goal, the consolidation of educational and strength policies will be realized in the process of building persons opened to the dialogue but not to the conflict who only feeds the abyss of ignorance that it is a strong attribute of a society that has sadly revealed itself, at least some individuals, unable to face its major dilemmas.Keywords: Racism. Elementary School. Brazilian Society.Del racismo en la escuela a una escuela contra el racismo: reflexiones a respecto del panorama brasileñoRESUMENEste articulo tiene por objetivo presentar algunas consideraciones a respeto de la manera como el racismo claro y manifiesto en hablas y comportamientos de los individuos en la sociedad brasileña ha contribuido para la negación de la humanidad y el apagamiento de los sujetos en razón de su identificación étnico-racial, sabiéndose que la escuela tiene inevitablemente un papel muy importante a desempeñar en el combate a todas las formas de prejuicio y discriminación, principalmente produciendo acciones que sean eficaces ya en los primeros años de la enseñanza elemental. Para llegarse al cumplimiento de lo objetivo descrito se hace aplicación de metodología con investigación cualitativa, de carácter exploratorio, a partir de dicho objetivo, y de revisión bibliográfica acerca del problema con acceso a textos disponibles en línea o libros. El resultado alcanzado con este escrito muestra que es fundamental avanzar en el fortalecimiento de prácticas pedagógicas y de acciones para la tomada de conciencia mirando el enfrentamiento de uno grave problema mucho presente en la sociedad brasileña, en la cual una parte aún se posiciona por la negación del racismo y por la creencia en una democracia racial. Por lo tanto, una de las conclusiones es la constatación de que en Brasil la escuela necesita abrazar su tarea social y permitir la realización de fuertes políticas educacionales que se tornen caminos viables para la formación de individuos dispuestos al dialogo y jamás elijan el conflicto que sólo alimenta el abismo de ignorancia como marca de una sociedad que se tiene hecho ver, en parte, poco lista a enfrentar y solucionar sus dilemas más severos.Palabras clave: Racismo. Enseñanza Elemental. Sociedad Brasileña

What is visual intimacy?

Intimacy is a key social goal and the fundamental basis of close social relationships. Current social relationships and the interactions through which they are created and maintained are highly visualised. This visualisation also transforms the way that intimacy is played out. Based on an interdisciplinary literature review, this paper focuses on the concepts of intimacy and visual intimacy, and maps the different roles that visuals can play in intimacy practices. It shows that the content of visuals is not always essential for creating and maintaining intimacy. Practices relating to producing, sharing, and talking about pictures, as well as practices of seeing, also need to be taken into account when discussing the overall concept of visualintimacy.

How social innovations spread globally through the process of reverse innovation: a case-study from the South Korea

Nowadays, innovation is no longer a peculiarity of developed economies. Indeed, more frequently, it occurs that innovations born in the so called "emerging countries" spread in the advanced ones. This phenomenon is well known as Reverse innovation (RI), and within the global innovation literature about RI, some authors refer to these reversed innovations as developed in order to solve social or economic issues, specific of emerging contexts. However, scholars use to connect innovation with social goal as primary benefit to another phenomenon: i.e., Social innovation (SI). Within the Social innovation literature, there is a lack concerning how it should be undertaken to spread globally. Thus, we applied the Reverse innovation process to Social innovations: through a case-study analysis, we link the two phenomena which have never been explored together in previous studies. The paper aims at understanding how Social innovations spread from emerging to more advanced markets, while implementing this inversion of the flow. Further, we want to explore which is the potential that a Social innovation has in the host market: in other words, if SI could lose, hold, reduce, or increase their original social connotation.