scholarly journals Pricing Irrigation Water in Pakistan: An Evaluation of Available Options

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamim A. Sahibzada
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Alternative Water

Irrigation water shortages have lately been a main area of concern for policymakers and planners in Pakistan. Current literature on the country’s water resources predicts an alarming situation regarding the availability of irrigation water in the future due to declining water tables and serious financial, environmental, and social constraints of developing big storage reservoirs. Since there is little room to augment water supplies by building new dams, the existing supply-driven surface irrigation system needs to be replaced by a demand-based system with special focus on water use efficiency through the introduction of an appropriate water pricing system. The present study aims to evaluate several alternative water pricing systems in the search for choosing one that will ensure efficient use of irrigation water in Pakistan. A related objective is to test the extent of sensitivity of the demand for irrigation water to a change in alternative water prices. A major conclusion that emerges from this research is that irrigation water shortages are the result of the inflexibility of the present irrigation water supply system for agricultural use and have little to do with the existing water pricing practice in the country. Furthermore, the results of our water price simulations exercise confirm the general perception that demand for irrigation water is less sensitive to changes in alternative irrigation water prices. Two findings from the pricing policy perspective are: (i) irrigation water is not available in adequate quantity to farmers in the nine sub-districts surveyed at almost all of the alternative prices in Pakistan’s irrigated agriculture sector since the predicted water usage at all prices is greater than the actual usage for all districts; and (ii) our empirical analysis indicates significant inefficiency of resource allocation in respect of irrigation water as shown by its positively large marginal value product to opportunity cost ratio.

Irrigation Management and Water Pricing in Turkey

2012 ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Erol H. Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Almost All

Irrigated agriculture in Turkey currently consumes 75 percent of the total water consumption, which corresponds to about 30 percent of the renewable water supply. Unfavorable future global climate and economic conditions will increase the stress in the water sector. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of almost all large surface irrigation schemes developed by the state has been transferred to irrigation associations governed by the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of irrigation management practices and an evaluation of irrigation water pricing after the transfer using price data at the association level since 1999. Results indicate that both irrigation water charges and collection rates increased following the transfer. However, the recuperation of investment costs for irrigation development from the users has remained minimal. The price of the irrigation water continued to be on per hectare basis, and farmers using pumping water face 2.5 times higher water charge per hectare then the gravity water users. The uptake of more efficient water application technology accompanied by pricing mechanisms reflecting scarcity value of water will certainly ease the adjustment burden of the irrigation sector in the future.

Irrigation Management and Water Pricing in Turkey

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Erol H. Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Total Water Consumption ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Almost All

Irrigated agriculture in Turkey currently consumes 75 percent of the total water consumption, which corresponds to about 30 percent of the renewable water supply. Unfavorable future global climate and economic conditions will increase the stress in the water sector. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of almost all large surface irrigation schemes developed by the state has been transferred to irrigation associations governed by the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of irrigation management practices and an evaluation of irrigation water pricing after the transfer using price data at the association level since 1999. Results indicate that both irrigation water charges and collection rates increased following the transfer. However, the recuperation of investment costs for irrigation development from the users has remained minimal. The price of the irrigation water continued to be on per hectare basis, and farmers using pumping water face 2.5 times higher water charge per hectare then the gravity water users. The uptake of more efficient water application technology accompanied by pricing mechanisms reflecting scarcity value of water will certainly ease the adjustment burden of the irrigation sector in the future.

scholarly journals Study on the irrigation water distribution system developed by Barind Multipurpose Development Authority

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Mosiur Rahman ◽  
A.H.M. Kamal ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Shafi Uddin Miah
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Buried Pipe

Irrigated agriculture has been playing a vital role for the growth in crop production in Bangladesh. Minor irrigation comprising of shallow tubewells (STWs), deep tubewells (DTWs), hand tubewells (HTWs) and low-lift pumps (LLPs) is a major irrigation system in the country. Poor performance of irrigation is an issue for the expansion of irrigated area. The present study was carried out to examine the conveyance efficiency and rate of irrigation water loss in DTW schemes in Bogra, Thakurgaon and Godagari zones of Barind Management Development Authority. There were various types of water distribution identified in these schemes with including Poly Venyl Chloride (PVC) buried pipe, cement concrete (CC) rectangular, Ferro trapezoidal, Ferro semicircular and rectangular earth drain. The average conveyance efficiency of PVC buried pipe for Bogra, Thakurgaon and Godagari zones ranged from 94.46% to 95.37% and rate of water loss ranged from 5.45% to 9.55% in three study zones. Average conveyance efficiency of CC rectangular for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged from 91.20% and rate of water loss from 6.58% to 9.93%. Average conveyance efficiency of Ferro trapezoid for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged from 87.80% to 90.06% and rate of water loss ranged from 9.94% to 12.21%. Average conveyance efficiency of Ferro semicircle for Bogra and Godagari zone ranged between 88.13% and 86.82% and rate of water loss between 11.59% and 11.68%. Average conveyance efficiency and rate of water loss of rectangular earth drain Godagari zone was 58.66% and 42.29% respectively. About 80% farmers recommended buried pipe irrigation system and about 20% semi-circular channel. The study suggests that the improved water distribution system as developed by BMDA is sustainable to increase productivity of irrigation systems in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbayr.v1i2.10032

scholarly journals The Policy of Irrigation Water Pricing in Pakistan: Aims, Assessment and Needed Redirections

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 809-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Syed Abdul Majid ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Cost Recovery ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Use Efficiency

Pakistan operates the world's largest well-articulated irrigation system. Individual farms receive water from the gravity flow of a massive network of canals, distributaries and watercourses fed by the Indus River and its tributaries. In recent years public tubewells have become an additional, though somewhat limited, source of irrigation water. The canal system, which has been in operation for more than 100 years, is believed to have become too obsolete to cater for the needs of modern agriculture and is, therefore, in desperate need for rehabilitation. But resource-poor Pakistan cannot undertake the rehabilitation work on its own, and must depend on foreign loans or at least ensure full recovery of annual operation and maintenance (0 and M) expenditures [Chaudhry (1985); Duane (1975) and Hotes (1984)]. Apart from generating investment funds, the cost recovery, with higher water charges, would also lead to greater water-use efficiency and an equitable income distribution at the farm level [Chaudhry (1985) and Hotes (1984»). Can this all be accomplished by simply raising water charges? In this paper, we have attempted to answer this question. To answer the question systematically, we have divided the paper in five sections. The current state of Pakistan's irrigation system, water charges and cost recovery is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 deals with possible impact of rising water charges on cost recovery, investments, efficiency of water use and income distribution under the current system of water pricing. Section 4 presents policy alternatives that would ensure an effective cost recoyery, greater water-use efficiency and a more equitable distribution of farm income. Section 5 presents the summary and conclusions of the paper.

scholarly journals Technical audit of operations and maintenance needs in the Tlatak irrigation area in East Java’s Magetan regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 05011
Author(s):  
Yuli K Iswahyudi ◽  
Mamok Suprapto
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Irrigation Network ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Index Value

Irrigation water shortages have the potential to limit agricultural development otherwise arable land. To resolve such irrigation water shortages, accurate evaluations focusing on the assessment of the irrigation system’s physical condition, the functionality of the infrastructure components, and the irrigation efficiency are all needed. The assessments of physical condition and functionality are metrics used to establish the performance index value of the irrigation system. The performance index value can be used to identify sections that need maintenance and to define the level of damage that has impacted the irrigation network infrastructure. The irrigation network’s overall performance is analyzed based on the weight of each criterion as defined in the Minister of Public Works Regulation No.32 Year 2007. This research location is Tlatak Irrigation Area, in the District of Parang, Magetan Regency. The results of the analysis showed that the efficiency of irrigation was 74.24%, and the irrigation system performance was only 61.11%. These numbers indicate that the Tlatak irrigation network is categorized as ‘Requiring Attention.' Efforts should be made to resolve the irrigation issues by conducting periodic maintenance, constructing one or more deep wells, and enhancing the role of the Water User Farmers’ Association.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Approach for an Automatic Irrigation System in Southern Jordan Valley

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6609-6613
Author(s):  
A. H. Blasi ◽  
M. A. Abbadi ◽  
R. Al-Huweimel
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
The Right

The agriculture sector is the most water-consuming sector. Due to the critical situation of available water resources in Jordan, attention should be paid to the issues of water demand and appropriate irrigation in order to spread the right management ways of modern irrigation to the farmers. The objectives of this paper are to improve the irrigation process and provide irrigation water to the highest possible extent through the use of artificial intelligence to construct a smart irrigation system that controls the irrigation mechanism using the necessary tools for sensing soil moisture and temperature, giving alerts of any change in the parameters entered as the baseline values for comparison, and installing system sensors buried at a depth of 3-5 inches below the roots to measure the moisture content in the soil. The sensors measure the humidity and temperature in the soil every ten minutes. They prevent the automatic irrigation process if the humidity is high, and permit it if the humidity is low. The smart automatic irrigation system model was built using the Decision Tree (DT) algorithm, which is a machine learning algorithm that trains the system on a part of the collected data to build the model that will be used to examine and predict the remaining data. The system had a prediction accuracy of 97.86%, which means that it may be successfully used in providing irrigation water for the agricultural sector.

scholarly journals Automatic Sprinkler System using Arduino

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Mr. G. M. Barbade ◽  
◽  
Miss. Mahajan Vasudha Ganesh ◽  
Miss. Pasarge Sanika Shivraj ◽  
Miss. Shinde Sandhya Bharat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
System Control ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Control Automation ◽  
Automation And Control

This paper focuses on a smart sprinkler irrigation system that is less costly and any farmer used in farm division. In 21century where automation is playing the most important role in the life of human. Automation allows us to control Appliances with automatic control. Automation gives comfort, Increase efficiency as well as save time. Nowadays, most of the industries are used Automation and control mechanism which is expensive for cost and does not suitable for use in a farm sector. In present days, food shortage and water shortages Occur due to the increase in population. To avoid the problem. we have to encourage the agriculture sector. Water Wastage is more in the farming sector. Watering the agricultural fields through irrigation by using this type of method we can save water. In this project, we make an automatic plant sprinkler irrigation system that has to be designed. The system consist relay, Arduino and moisture sensor. The moisture sensor senses the dryness and wetness of the soil. Then Arduino works as per instruction of moisture sensor and system control by Arduino UNO. This project design and development of an automatic plant watering system that is being used to protect a plant because of the reason that doesn’t get enough water for its growth. In everyday work related to gardening, watering is the most important work. The system created an automatic Plant watering system to minimize manual activities and making gardener’s work easier.

scholarly journals Automatic Sprinkler System using Arduino

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Mr. G. M. Barbade ◽  
◽  
Miss. Mahajan Vasudha Ganesh ◽  
Miss. Pasarge Sanika Shivraj ◽  
Miss. Shinde Sandhya Bharat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
System Control ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Control Automation ◽  
Automation And Control

This paper focuses on a smart sprinkler irrigation system that is less costly and any farmer used in farm division. In 21century where automation is playing the most important role in the life of human. Automation allows us to control Appliances with automatic control. Automation gives comfort, Increase efficiency as well as save time. Nowadays, most of the industries are used Automation and control mechanism which is expensive for cost and does not suitable for use in a farm sector. In present days, food shortage and water shortages Occur due to the increase in population. To avoid the problem. we have to encourage the agriculture sector. Water Wastage is more in the farming sector. Watering the agricultural fields through irrigation by using this type of method we can save water. In this project, we make an automatic plant sprinkler irrigation system that has to be designed. The system consist relay, Arduino and moisture sensor. The moisture sensor senses the dryness and wetness of the soil. Then Arduino works as per instruction of moisture sensor and system control by Arduino UNO. This project design and development of an automatic plant watering system that is being used to protect a plant because of the reason that doesn’t get enough water for its growth. In everyday work related to gardening, watering is the most important work. The system created an automatic Plant watering system to minimize manual activities and making gardener’s work easier.

scholarly journals Assessment of the salinity level of water and sediments used for irrigation and agricultural farming in Jos north

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-208
Author(s):  
Samuel Paul ◽  
Akintunde Sheyi ◽  
Iliya Daniel Bangu ◽  
Musa Bashir ◽  
Jacob Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Sediment Sources ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Plateau State

Irrigated agriculture is dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. The different Irrigation sites were identified randomly, and named A, B, C, D and E respectively. Therefore, water and sediment or soil samples were collected from Rukuba Road River, Yelwan Zangam River, Gangare River, Busa Buji River and Angwan Rimi River respectively in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria to evaluate their salinity level suitability for irrigation purpose and Agricultural Farming. The analytical results shows that the Electrical conductivity (EWc), Total dissolve solids (TDS), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and specific ion toxicities of water and sediment are as followed: Rukuba Road River “A” (ECw = 508.00 µs/cm, 897.00µs/cm; TDS = 440.50 mg/l, 540.60mg/l and SAR = 12.73, ND), Yalwan Zangam River “B” ( ECw = 750.00µs/cm, 987.00µs/cm; TDS = 330.20mg/l, 470.50mg/l and SAR = 12.56, ND), Gangare River “C” (ECw = 489.00µs/cm, 897.00µs/cm; TDS = 40.70mg/l, 550.90mg/l and SAR = 13.16, ND), Busa Buji River “D” (ECw = 250.00µs/cm, 499.00µS/cm; TDS = 355.60mg/l, 495.00mg/l and SAR = 14.06, ND) and Angwan Rimi River “E” (ECw = 1030.00µs/cm, 1233.00µs/cm; TDS = 460.00mg/l, 610.60mg/l and SAR = 11.20, ND). The salinity of river A B C D fall within the normal ranges which were of excellent quality and considered to be highly suitable without any restriction on the use. Water and sediment from Angwan River “E” (ECw = 1030.00µs/cm, 1233.00µs/cm; TDS = 460.00mg/l, 610.60mg/l and SAR = 19.20, ND) will be highly suitable under proper management such as improved irrigation system and schedule, light soil with good infiltration and internal drainage and plant with good salt tolerant. The variation in chemical composition of the irrigation water and sediment sources could be attributed to the fact that the Angwan Rimi River “E” water and sediment sources are located within Jos metropolis. The additions from waste waters (domestic sewage and municipal), dirt and suspended inorganic matter and automobile effluents from Mechanic workshops could contributes to the high levels of Salinity, SAR and Total hardness and specific ion toxicities of the irrigation water.

scholarly journals Irrigation Water Pricing in Tunisia: Issues for Management Transparency

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chokri Thabet ◽  
Ali Chebil
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Irrigation Water Pricing

Tunisia is facing increasing competition for water among users due to population and economic growth. Projections show that the water resources will be fully used by 2010. As a result, the opportunity cost of water has risen significantly. In order to cope with potential water shortages, the Tunisian government has undertaken a set of policies and technical measures, such as institutional reforms, improving the efficiency of water delivery network and water pricing policies reforms. It has been observed that cost estimation of water produced and delivered is not transparent. Thus any increase in water price is opposed by farmers. Data is not consistent, making the establishment of a water pricing scheme difficult. Besides, the water authority lacks accurate information on water productivity at farm level leading to asymmetric information on the side of the authorities as well as on the side of the farmers. For a successful reform of the irrigation water pricing policy two conditions have to prevail: i) integration of the accounting system of capital costs with an analytical approach and ii) assessing farmers’ willingness to pay for irrigation water. Finally, the implementation of a water rights system could be an alternative to solve the asymmetric information problem and improve the economic efficiency. 

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