scholarly journals The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4II) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Munir Ahmad ◽  
Kalbe Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
The Impact

Three main factors that contribute to agricultural growth are the increased use of agricultural inputs, technological change and technical efficiency. Technological change is the result of research and development efforts, while technical efficiency with which new technology is adopted and used more rationally is affected by the flow of information, better infrastructure, availability of funds and farmers’ managerial capabilities. Higher use and better mix of inputs also requires funds at the disposal of farmers. These funds could come either from farmers’ own savings or through borrowings. In less developed countries like Pakistan where savings are negligible especially among the small farmers, agricultural credit appears to be an essential input along with modern technology for higher productivity. Credit requirements of the farming sector have increased rapidly over the past few decades resulting from the rise in use of fertiliser, biocides, improved seeds and mechanisation, and hike in their prices. The agricultural credit system of Pakistan consists of informal and formal sources of credit supply. The informal sources include friends, relatives, commission agents, traders and private moneylenders etc. Presently, the formal credit sources are comprised of financial institutions like Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL)—formerly known as Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP), Commercial Banks, and Federal Bank for Cooperatives. Recently, some non-government organisations (NGOs) are also advancing agricultural credit to the rural communities.

The Impact of Technological Change on Incentive Provision

2009 ◽  
pp. 5-36
Author(s):  
Maurizio Lisciandra
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Agency Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Incentive Pay ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
The Impact

- The simple trade-off between incentive and risk, which is crucial to the agency problem, is not a sufficient explanation for the ineffectiveness of a specific output-related pay such as the contract system adopted in the US iron and steel industry during the second half of the nineteenth-century. The high rate of technological innovation along with workers' extensive bargaining power made output-related pay a sub-optimal solution. This stylised fact unveils the conflicting nature of piece-rate pay compared to fixed pay as new technology is introduced and stimulates an analysis of the interaction between technological change, bargaining powers, and payment systems which can be conducive to a better understanding of the agency problem and the use of incentive pay. Key words: Incentive Contracts, Inside Contracting, Unions, Technological Change. JEL Classification: J33, J51, N31, O33

The Agricultural Credit System in the Ottoman Empire between 1863 and 1888

Rural History ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERTAÇ DOKUZLU
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Joint Actions

AbstractAgricultural credit organisations are paramount to every country because agriculture must operate under threats of risk and uncertainty. When small-scale family farms are dominant, all types of agricultural organisations become important to keep farmers’ incomes at a reasonable level and encourage agricultural development. Midhat Pasha understood the importance of agricultural organisations, and he created a well-designed system for agricultural credit. He is the founder of Homeland Coffers that distribute credits to farmers. The original side of these credit organisations was capital accumulation and the methods of using it. Capital for these Coffers were provided by the joint actions of credit users. Midhat Pasha connected two cooperatives while the production cooperative provided capital for Homeland Coffers, they operated as a credit cooperative for twenty-five years in the Ottoman Empire. This credit organisation helped development of agriculture and provided many social benefits to the rural area.

Health Reform and Technological Change: Shifting Hospitalization Patterns for Four Procedures in Manitoba

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth-Ann Soodeen ◽  
Leslie L. Roos ◽  
Sandra Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Hernia Repair ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Health Reforms ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
The Impact

This study used Manitoba data from 1991 to 1996 to assess the effects of health reforms and technological advances on hospitalization patterns, patient mortality, and readmission rates. Cholecystectomy and hernia repair served as indicators of response to both new technology and health reforms, while appendectomy and hysterectomy helped gauge the impact of health reforms alone. Neither the introduction of new technology (i.e. laparoscopy) nor the health reform initiatives (i.e. shorter hospital stays) adversely affected surgical volumes, postsurgical mortality, or postsurgical readmissions.

scholarly journals Patterns of productivity changes in nursing homes by using Malmquist DEA index

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Josipa Višić ◽  
Lana Kordić
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Frontier ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Production Frontier ◽  
For Profit

Motivation to open a for-profit nursing home is the same as motivation to start any other business, and it seems that, due to various demographic and social changes, the interest in this sector, especially in developed countries, will increase in the future. In that context, this research aims to analyze the efficiency of for-profit nursing homes with a focus on Croatian for-profit nursing homes from 2015 to 2019. In order to estimate different kinds of efficiencies, precisely to estimate technological change, which can’t be estimated through windows DEA, and technical efficiency changes, the Malmquist -- DEA performance measure was chosen for this analysis. The results show that for-profit nursing homes in our sample experienced an increase in the total factor productivity by 12.67 % in the analyzed period, where the decline in technical efficiency (-0.21 %) was compensated by an increase in technological change (13.16 %). Although technological innovation shifted the relative efficient frontier to a higher level, for-profit nursing homes in our sample were far from the best production frontier, highlighting managerial inefficiency.

The ripple effect of credit accessibility on the technical efficiency of maize farmers in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Siaw ◽  
Yuansheng Jiang ◽  
Martinson Ankrah Twumasi ◽  
Wonder Agbenyo ◽  
Gideon Ntim-Amo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of access to credit on technical efficiency (TE) of maize farmers in a developing country, Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed an instrumental variable approach and the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method for the estimation of the results.FindingsThe study found that farmers who have access to agricultural credit stand the chance of increasing TE by a margin of 8%, which also influences the maize production than those who did not have access to credit. The average TE score of the farmers was 74%. The study also found out that factors like membership, gender, farmers' access to credit, age and social network determine farmers' possibility of accessing agricultural credit. The study finds out that returns to size are increasing among the maize farmers and that significant improvement in efficiency can be realized by increasing the level of input used in production. Also, factors such as farm size, labor, seeds and fertilizer are the essential determinants of maize production output. Also, gender, extension, age, off-farm income, access to credit and membership were significant factors influencing technical inefficiency (TI).Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the existing literature on agricultural credit on rural agricultural development. The problem of endogeneity associated with access to credit, which has been considered by other researchers, is dealt with this study. This paper also provides information to government policymakers, practitioners and all other stakeholders in the maize sub-sectors and also will benefit small farmers outside the study area.

Agricultural credit and technical efficiency in Ghana: is there a nexus?

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Hanan Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unique Dataset

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of agricultural credit on technical efficiency of Ghanaian maize farmers using a unique dataset drawn from the database of Sub-Saharan Africa’s intensification of food crops agriculture (Afrint II) in 2008 period. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, a two-stage estimation procedure is employed to determine impact of agricultural credit on technical efficiency of Ghanaian maize farmers. The first stage utilized probit model while the second stage utilized stochastic frontier approach to estimate impact of credit on technical efficiency of Ghanaian maize farmers. Findings – The study found that farmers are producing below the frontier with average technical efficiency of 47 percent. Policy variables such as credit access; education, extension access and farm size played a stronger role in technical efficiency. Agricultural credit in particular increased technical efficiency by 3.8 percent. Research limitations/implications – The results should not be extended to the impact of agricultural credit on economic efficiency since the allocative efficiency component is not considered in this study. Also, caution should be taken in the interpretation of these results because the data could not permit the incorporation of all variables that might affect technical efficiency. Originality/value – The originality of the paper and its contribution to existing literature largely lies from the use of a unique dataset to find evidence of the impact of credit on efficiency in Ghana.

Historical developments in agricultural finance and the genesis of America’s farm credit system

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum G. Turvey
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Agricultural Finance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Credit ◽  
Farm Credit System ◽  
Historical Developments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of major historical developments in agricultural finance, with particular emphasis on agricultural credit. It reviews the development of Raiffeisen and related banks that emerged in Germany and Europe throughout the nineteenth century and how the cooperative banking system made its way into the banking system of the USA in the early twentieth century. The paper emphasizes the role of the state in the developing of agricultural credit, especially with respect to farm mortgages, securitization, and bond structures. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a historical synthesis of historical literature on agricultural credit. Findings This paper shows the direct linkage between the developments in Raiffeisen credit cooperatives and the Farm Credit System (FCS) and details the emergence of the land banks, farm credit banks, agricultural bonds and the role of joint-stock banks in agricultural credit policy. Originality/value In total, 2016 marks the 100th anniversary of the passing of the 1916 Federal Farm Loan Act which set in motion the USs’ first Government Sponsored Enterprise and catalyzed the formation of the FCS as it operates today to provide credit to farmers and rural communities on a cooperative basis. Although there are a few wonderful books written on certain aspects of the FCS the story of how the FCS was initiated and the many struggles it faced up to the 1933 Act has not been told often enough. This paper tells the story of the evolution of agricultural credit that ultimately led to the formation of the FCS.

The impact of microfinance services on the efficiency of family farms in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alim Belek ◽  
Abega Ngono Jean Marie
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

PurposeDoes MFIs agricultural credit influence the determinants of the efficiency of SFF which are socio-economic factors of the farmers but also agricultural endowments of family farms? This paper aims to study the contribution of MFI services on improving the technical efficiency of SFFs in Cameroon.Design/methodology/approachThe stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model permits the estimation of the technical efficiency indicators for beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries of agricultural credits on a sample of 130 cocoa farming households and four MFIs of the same area between 2008 and 2011. The censored tobit model is used to assess the determinants of technical efficiency.FindingsThe results show that the SFF beneficiaries of agricultural credit have an average technical efficiency of 0.68 inferior to that of nonbeneficiaries (0.72) as expected. They are, respectively, at 0.32 and 0.28 of their full productive capacities. The results of the censored Tobit model show that socioeconomic characteristics of the producer such as age and gender explain negatively, while experience explains positively the technical efficiency of SFFs.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough without any selectivity bias, this study indicates the essential character of the socioeconomic factors in the amplification of the role of the MFIs credit on the efficiency of SFFs.Practical implicationsStrategies to improve the efficiency of SFFs require an increase in MFI credits, primarily targeting young, experienced and female farmers.Originality/valueThis study examines the efficiency of SFFs by highlighting the interaction between the socio-economic factors of farmers and the credit of MFIs. It also points to the problem of monitoring the implementation of agricultural financing.

The Psychological Impact of New Technologies: Anticipation of Stress

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
pp. 811-815
Author(s):  
Charles M. Slem ◽  
Daniel J. Levi ◽  
Andrew Young
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
Reduction In Force ◽  
Organizational Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Slem, Levi and Young (1986) developed a model of the psychological impact of technological change on the workforce. The purpose of current research was to investigate the relationship between stress and technological change. The “Impact of Technological Change Survey” was administered to workers in five large electronics manufacturing corporations. Almost one-third of the workforce believed that technological change would make the individual's job more stressful. Over 20% were worried about the future of their jobs. Anticipated role conflict, role ambiguity, and quantitative role overload produced the strongest and most consistent relationships with the global measure of stress. Qualitative role overload and beliefs about reduction in force were more closely allied to job insecurity stress. Anticipated stress is reduced somewhat when technological change is seen as providing personal and organizational benefits or when the organization is perceived as effectively dealing with the transition to the new technology.

scholarly journals Agricultural Credit and Extension Services: Does Their Synergy Augment Farmers’ Economic Outcomes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3758
Author(s):  
Masaood Moahid ◽  
Ghulam Dastgir Khan ◽  
Yuichiro Yoshida ◽  
Niraj Prakash Joshi ◽  
Keshav Lall Maharjan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Net Revenue ◽  
Inverse Probability Weighted ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Farming Households

Access to credit is essential for sustainable agricultural development. This paper evaluates the impact of formal and informal agricultural credit, access to extension services, and different combinations of agricultural credit and extension services on the economic outcomes of farming households in Afghanistan. This study applies a quasi-experimental approach (propensity score matching) and inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) analysis. The data comes from a survey of 277 randomly selected farming households in the three districts of rural Afghanistan. The results show that having access to formal agricultural credit has a positive and differentiated impact on the farming costs and net revenue of farming households. However, the effects increase when a farming household has access to both formal credit and extension services. The results also reveal that credit constraints affect farming costs and net revenue. The study provides some practical implications for agricultural development policymakers. First, formal agricultural credit affects farm revenue in rural Afghanistan. Second, the impact of credit bundled with agricultural extension services on farm revenue is higher than the impact of the provision of each service separately. Therefore, a more sustainable agricultural credit arrangement should be supplemented by extension services for farmers in Afghanistan.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document