scholarly journals Applying Constructivism in Neurodiverse Classrooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoyoon Eunie Choi ◽  
Sun Lee

Cognitive development theories differ on how young students can meaningfully process new information and retain that information for future knowledge-building through scaffolding within their zone of proximal development. More traditional theories like the cognitive load theory adhere to the rote memorization approach by categorizing students as passive learners and the teachers as initiators who provide information in a structured, often rigid format, to be stored and retrieved for future application using their working memory. In contrast, the more progressive theories, like constructivism, are premised on the belief that students should proactively initiate their own learning while teachers act more as facilitators. The current trend in government policy under ESSA is to embrace the latter approach in the classroom, which is also more inclusive of all types of students, especially neurodiverse students. Moreover, teachers can utilize the wider range of assistive technology tools to accommodate and support their students’ unique learning styles.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Saiful Bahri Talip ◽  
Zul Izhar Mohd Ismail ◽  
Siti Nurma Hanim Hadie

Declining anatomy knowledge of junior doctors has been linked to clinical error judgement and medicolegal litigation. To overcome the problem, anatomy educators have introduced many teaching initiatives during undergraduate study that might promote anatomy knowledge acquisition and retention, including anatomy teaching using integrated instruction. Anatomy instruction can be integrated in terms of its contents and teaching approach. Learning from integrated anatomy instruction allows students to relate anatomy subjects with different subdisciplines and to comprehend related clinical context for future application. On the other hand, the integrated approach for anatomy teaching caters to different types of learning styles, therefore ensuring optimal learning. Nevertheless, causal relationships between integrated anatomy instruction and student learning has never been explicitly explored. Hence, this article aims to unearth the elements of integrated anatomy teaching that promote learning through instructional design theory, namely, cognitive load theory (CLT).


2021 ◽  
pp. 004005992110482
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kennedy

There are numerous reasons why students with disabilities struggle in school. A key reason is professionals in the field may not pay enough attention to students’ overwhelmed cognitive capacity. Cognitive load theory explains that all humans have limited capacity at any given time to use their auditory, visual, and tactile inputs (independently or collectively) to acquire new information and store it in long-term memory. When available cognition is overwhelmed – which can be caused by any number of reasons – learning cannot occur. In this article, we introduce the key aspects of cognitive load theory and give specific examples of how special educators can use this information to shape their instruction to support students’ unique needs.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms. Vaishali Manoj Sawant

Cognitive load refers to load imposed on the working memory while performing a particular task. The basic premise of cognitive load theory is that learners have a limited capacity when dealing with new information. Moreover cognitive load theory assumes that learners have “an effectively unlimited long term memory holding cognitive schemas that vary in their degree of complexity and automation”. Furthermore, when handling new information, working memory is severely limited in both capacity and duration. The educational implication of cognitive load theory hence focuses on reduction of work load on working memory so as to increase learning effectiveness. Because novices lack the schemas necessary to process complex material in working memory, scaffolding for these missing schemas, thereby promotes schema construction. In this study on 41 Student teachers undergoing the online training on Scaffolded Problem Based Learning (PBLS), Cognitive load is measured in terms of mental efforts and mental load experienced by the learners while working towards solutions to the problems. Findings indicate significant difference between the cognitive load felt before and after the training which is also supported by the  qualitative data indicating  reduction in  the cognitive load as the students move from Problem one to Problem ten.


Author(s):  
Roland Brünken ◽  
Susan Steinbacher ◽  
Jan L. Plass ◽  
Detlev Leutner

Abstract. In two pilot experiments, a new approach for the direct assessment of cognitive load during multimedia learning was tested that uses dual-task methodology. Using this approach, we obtained the same pattern of cognitive load as predicted by cognitive load theory when applied to multimedia learning: The audiovisual presentation of text-based and picture-based learning materials induced less cognitive load than the visual-only presentation of the same material. The findings confirm the utility of dual-task methodology as a promising approach for the assessment of cognitive load induced by complex multimedia learning systems.


2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori B. Stone ◽  
Abigail Lundquist ◽  
Stefan Ganchev ◽  
Nora Ladjahasan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sugeng Susilo Adi

The composition of English language learning tools for middle schools has often not utilized the instrctional technology approach and only used approaches related to the educational discipline of teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL). English language learning materials in several middle schools in East Java also do not provide audio media-based activities for practice of listening skills. This article is the research results of the Borg & Gall research and development model which aimed to develop, validate, and test textual learning materials aided by audio recordings to develop the English-language competency of middle school students. The results of the development showed that audio media was proven to be e ectively capable as sca olds that play a role as learning aids. Audio media provides sound input that guides students to imitate the audio with accurate pronunciation. In addition, audio media input can also be comprehensible for students in accordance with the Input Hypothesis Theory of Krashen that states that those learning languages at “level i” should obtain comprehensible input at “level i + 1” or slightly higher than the current level, and this theory of Krashen is identical to the zone of proximal development (ZPD) theory of Vygotsky. This development also resulted in a learning design which applied the audio lingual communicative (ALC) strategy which is eclectic in its combination of two language learning strategies, which are the audio lingual method with communicative language teaching (CLT). The application of this method was appropriate with the Indonesian classroom context where the number of students in a classroom is on average 40 pupils or more. AbstrakPengembangan bahan ajar Bahasa Inggris untuk sekolah menengah pertama selama ini sering kali tidak menggunakan pendekatan teknologi pembelajaran dan hanya menggunakan pendekatan disiplin ilmu pendidikan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing atau teaching English as a foreign language/TEFL. Selain bahan ajar bahasa Inggris di beberapa sekolah menengah pertama di Jawa Timur tidak menyediakan bahan penyerta berupa media audio untuk latihan keterampilan menyimak (listening). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan (R&D) model Borg & Gall yang bertujuan untuk mengembangan, memvalidasi, dan menguji bahan ajar tekstual berbantuan rekaman audio untuk meningkatkan kompetensi bahasa Inggris siswa sekolah menengah pertama. Hasil pengembangan ini menunjukkan bahwa media audio telah terbukti mampu secara efektif menjadi sca olds yang berperan sebagai bantuan belajar. Media audio menyediakan input suara yang memandu siswa menirukan audio dengan akurasi pelafalan yang tepat. Selain itu, input dari media audio dapat dipahami (comprehensible) bagi siswa, sesuai dengan Input Hyphothesis Theory Krashen yang menyatakan bahwa mereka yang belajar bahasa yang berada pada “tingkat i” seharusnya memperoleh comprehensible input pada “tingkat i + 1” atau sedikit lebih tinggi dari tingkat ia berada yang identik dengan teori zone of proximal development (ZPD) yang dikembangkan Vygotsky. Pengem- bangan ini juga menghasilkan desain pembelajaran yang menerapkan strategi audio lingual communicative (ALC) yang bersifat eklektik yang memadukan dua pendekatan pembelajaran bahasa, yaitu audio lingual method dengan communicative language teaching (CLT). Penerapan metode ini sesuai dengan konteks kelas Indonesia dengan jumlah siswa rata-rata 40 orang atau lebih dalam satu kelas. ia dengan jumlah siswa rata-rata 40 orang atau lebih dalam satu kelas.


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