Essence of Upbringing Process and the Competence Approach in Training

Research relevance: understanding of teaching concept related to main function of а teacher in teaching and educating students. In the learning process, teacher should pay special attention to students’ cognitive activity development and try to use it more in learning process, using innovative technologies and interactive methods. Research objectives: consider issues from the concept of teaching, “learning” and “competence” and their essence, to reveal the importance of the competence-based approach in teaching. Research materials and methods: article analyzes essence of learning process and authors give their point of view. Research results: educational process essence and importance of learning based on modern competencies revealed. Conclusions: learning competence includes set of a student’s educational achievements, expressed by level of basic and subject competence at a certain stage in educational process.

Finally at school: the return to classes of vulnerable pupils. Results of the FocuScuola Inclusion research 20.20

The research FocuScuola 20.20 – promoted by the Centre for Studies and Research on Disability and Marginality of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – aims at specifically understanding the state of the art of the inclusive processes at the return to school after the first lockdown period. This research is in line with the aims of national and international surveys that have analysed the challenges to which the school system has been called in this period of health and social emergency. The collected data show a picture that seems to confirm the critics linked to an ideological and reductive scenario. This view is although characterized by some positive elements in terms of reception and attention to students with greater vulnerability, but it is substantially distant from the realisation of educational pathways that assume educational differentiation as an authentic perspective and concrete working method. Quando tutto è ricominciato: il ritorno a scuola degli alunni più fragili. Esiti della ricerca FocuScuola Inclusione 20.20. La ricerca FocuScuola 20.20 – promossa dal Centro Studi e Ricerche sulla Disabilità e la Marginalità dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore – ha inteso comprendere in modo specifico lo stato dell’arte dei processi inclusivi al rientro a scuola dopo il primo periodo di lockdown. Lo studio è in linea con le finalità di indagini nazionali e internazionali che hanno analizzato le sfide a cui il sistema scolastico è stato chiamato in questo periodo di emergenza sanitaria e sociale. I dati raccolti evidenziano un quadro che, seppur caratterizzato da alcuni elementi positivi sul piano dell’accoglienza e dell’attenzione verso gli alunni con maggiore vulnerabilità, sembra confermare le criticità legate ad una visione per molti aspetti ideologica e riduttiva, sostanzialmente lontana dalla realizzazione di percorsi educativi che assumano la differenziazione didattica come autentica prospettiva e concreta modalità di lavoro.

Research on Students' Participation Right in Internal Governance of Universities

The state is vigorously promoting the modernization of educational governance ability and governance level and building a high-level university. Students are the basis for the survival and development of the university. Paying attention to students' participation right is the need to adapt to the development of democratic society and promote the modernization of internal governance of the university. The development history of students' participation right has experienced a long process. It is also a key point of the internal reform of colleges and universities and a legal right allocation to balance various stakeholders. Today, with the popularization of higher education, we should pay attention to students' participation right and promote the modernization of university governance system and governance ability.

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON SELF-CONCEPT AND DISCIPLINE TOWARD SELF-REGULATED LEARNING

This study aims to determine the various factors that affect students' self-regulated learning, especially the effects of self-concept, discipline, self-concept and discipline moderated by organizational culture on self-regulated learning. This research was quantitative research. The population was all students of Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Parepare in 2016-2019, consisting of 2000 students. The sample was 125 students. Data were collected using questionnaires and documentation, which were then analyzed using SmartPLS. The results showed that 1) there was a positive and significant effect of self-concept toward self-regulated learning with t-statistic 4.514 > t table 1.96; 2) there was no positive and significant effect of discipline toward self-regulated learning with t-statistic 0.688 < t table 1.96; 3) organizational culture was unable to moderate the effect of self-concept toward self-regulated learning with t-statistic 0.198 < t table 1.96; 4) organizational culture was unable to moderate the effect of discipline toward self-regulated learning with t-statistic 0.514 < t table 1.96. Therefore, paying attention to students' self-concepts was important because students who had positive self-concepts could develop their potential and self-regulated learning.Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi pembelajaran mandiri mahasiswa, khususnya untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsep diri, disiplin, konsep diri dan disiplin yang dimoderasi oleh budaya organisasi terhadap pembelajaran mandiri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa Fakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Parepare tahun 2016-2019 yang berjumlah 2000 mahasiswa. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 125 mahasiswa. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan SmartPLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan pada konsep diri terhadap pembelajaran mandiri dengan t-hitung 4,514 > t tabel 1,96, 2) tidak ada pengaruh positif dan signifikan disiplin terhadap pembelajaran mandiri dengan t hitung 0,688 < t tabel 1,96, 3) budaya organisasi tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh konsep diri terhadap pembelajaran mandiri dengan t-hitung 0,198 < t tabel 1,96, 4) budaya organisasi tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh disiplin terhadap pembelajaran mandiri dengan t-hitung 0,514 < t tabel 1,96. Oleh kare itu, perhatian terhadap konsep diri mahasiswa perlu karena mahasiswa yang memiliki konsep diri positif akan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengembangankan potensi dan pembelajaran mandiri yang baik.

Critical Thinking Formation in the Scope of Connectivism

Critical thinking (CT) formation is a complex and abstract process that hasn’t been studied comprehensively by any existing learning model today. Connectivism, a new learning theory of the information era, provides brand new perspectives to learning, thus has gained considerable attention. The purpose of this study is to examine CT formation in the scope of cognitivism by contrasting this theory to the previous learning theories. This study used the key concepts of chaos, network model, ecology, flow inhibitors, and flow accelerators in connectivism to illuminate some areas of the formation of critical thinking that have not been examined fully. In the scope of connectivism, this study also provides constructive suggestions to teachers to facilitate students’ critical thinking cultivation, i.e., introducing some learning materials that might trigger students’ critical analyzing; evaluating students’ learning procedure from a network perspective; paying more attention to students’ CT disposition development and establishing healthy CT ecology, etc.

Cognitive Load Theory: An Applied Reintroduction for Special and General Educators

There are numerous reasons why students with disabilities struggle in school. A key reason is professionals in the field may not pay enough attention to students’ overwhelmed cognitive capacity. Cognitive load theory explains that all humans have limited capacity at any given time to use their auditory, visual, and tactile inputs (independently or collectively) to acquire new information and store it in long-term memory. When available cognition is overwhelmed – which can be caused by any number of reasons – learning cannot occur. In this article, we introduce the key aspects of cognitive load theory and give specific examples of how special educators can use this information to shape their instruction to support students’ unique needs.

A Review of Studies on the Washback Effect of National Matriculation English Test (NMET) in China (2011-2020)

<p>This paper reviews the washback studies in National Matriculation English Test (NMET) in the past decade (2011-2020). There are 36 Chinese works of literature collected from CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), all of which are searched by keywords "National Matriculation English Test "(NMET) and "washback effect". And This literature is divided into two levels: micro level and macro level. The micro-level includes 5 categories, and the macro-level includes 3 categories. After analyzing and discussing, the researcher finds that: (1) The research has increased sharply before 2018 and is greatly influenced by policies; (2) The proportion of empirical research is equal to that of non-material research, which is dominated by empirical research at present; (3) The research mainly involves the washback effect of NMET, its reform and test typesetting at the macro level; Micro-level listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar filling washback. Through the analysis, it is found that the main problems of the research on the washback effect of NMET include lack of innovation, neglect of listening and speaking skills, lack of depth of research, little attention to students -the subject of the test, and neglect of the long-term effect of the washback. Finally, some suggestions are put forward based on the above problems.</p>

Collaborative Problem Based Learning Model for Creative Thinking Ability

In developing student creativity, it is still a topic of discussion from various experts, especially at the university level, which is related to the optimization of the right brain as a student which is used to increase creativity and imagination. With this assumption, it is imperative in efforts to develop creativity for students that it is very important to pay attention to. Students can face challenges for their future if they master chemistry as a reference point. In learning chemistry as a student, you must have the ability to think creatively to solve these problems. This research aims to improve the chemistry learning process at the university level, especially for students by using a method. The topic in this discussion aims to find out the content and discussion of the application of student collaborative problem based learning methods in the chemistry learning process at the university level.

Students' Pronunciation Errors in English Silent Letters

The objective of this research was to find out the types of pronunciation errors are made by the seventh semester students of English education study program at Bengkulu University in the academic year 2020/2021. This research used a descriptive quantitative method. 94 students as the total population 30 students were chosen randomly as the samples. The instrument of the research were pronunciation test and interview. The test comprises 52 sentences which contain 13 silent letters i.e. “k, gh, th, g, p, l, t, s, w, n, b, h, d”. Each letter appears 4 times in the test. The results of the research showed that the students made two types of errors namely pre-systematic errors and systematic errors. The pre-systematic errors occurred more frequently than the systematic errors. The highest errors made by the students were silent letters “g” (e.g. gnaw) and “b” (e.g. doubt) which total numbers of errors of each of them were 93 times (77%). It could be concluded that the students faced high difficulties in pronouncing the silent letters which completely different from Indonesian phonetic system. It was recommended that the English lecturers should pay more attention to students’ pronunciation and find more suitable method or technique of teaching it and students should study harder about the silent letters in English language.

Penerapan Metode SAS untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Huruf Tegak Bersambung Kelas 1 SD

This research aims to provide a contribution for students and teachers of grade 1, as well as for schools. The purpose of the research for students is to provide students with a learning experience in writing cursive letters and foster students’ enthusiasm for learning and improving cursive writing skills. Another research which is to become input for teachers in overcoming students' difficulties when learning to write cursive letters, can also be used by teachers as a reference for the development of learning to write cursive letters and can increase teacher’s creativity in managing learning to write cursive letters. For schools, this research aims to assist in improving the quality of education. The type of research used is Classroom Action Research (CAR). The subjects of this research namely teachers and students of grade 1, as well as the principal. Data collection techniques used are observation, tests, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in the form of qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. For the analysis of qualitative data obtained from data collection and analysis of quantitative data obtained from the processed results of the writing test in cursive with the SAS method. The result of research obtained showed that the percentage of student learning completeness in implementation of the second cycle reached 77,8 percent. Previously, precycle and first cycle activities were carried out, each of which the percentage of learning completeness was only 18,5 percent and 37 percent, and increased in the implementation of the second cycle. This shows that the application of the SAS method can improve the cursive writing skills of grade 1 students. Suggestion for students in the result of this study, namely that students should focus and actively ask the teacher when learning to write cursive letters, so that they can improve their writing skills. In addition, suggestions for teachers should use variations in learning so that students are more enthusiastic about writing cursive letters, and also give more attention to students who have not yet completed writing cursive letters. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan kontribusi bagi siswa dan guru kelas 1, maupun bagi sekolah. Tujuan penelitian bagi siswa, yaitu dapat memberikan pengalaman belajar siswa dalam menulis huruf tegak bersambung dan menumbuhkan semangat belajar siswa untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis huruf tegak bersambung. Tujuan penelitian lainnya, yaitu menjadi bahan masukan untuk guru dalam mengatasi kesulitan siswa saat pembelajaran menulis huruf tegak bersambung, juga dapat dimanfaatkan oleh guru sebagai salah satu acuan untuk pengembangan pembelajaran menulis huruf tegak bersambung, dan dapat meningkatkan kreativitas guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran menulis huruf tegak bersambung. Bagi sekolah, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membantu dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Subjek penelitian ini, yaitu guru dan siswa kelas 1, serta kepala sekolah. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yakni observasi, tes, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan berupa analisis data kualitatif dan analisis data kuantitatif. Untuk analisis data kualitatif diperoleh dari pengumpulan data dan analisis data kuantitatif diperoleh dari olahan hasil tes menulis huruf tegak bersambung dengan metode SAS. Hasil penelitian diperoleh persentase ketuntasan belajar siswa pada pelaksanaan siklus II yang mencapai 77,8 persen. Sebelumnya, dilakukan kegiatan pra siklus dan siklus I yang masing-masing perolehan persentase ketuntasan belajar hanya 18,5 persen dan 37 persen, dan meningkat pada pelaksanaan siklus II. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode SAS ini dapat meningkatan keterampilan menulis huruf tegak bersambung siswa kelas 1. Saran bagi siswa dalam hasil penelitian ini, yaitu sebaiknya siswa fokus dan aktif bertanya kepada guru saat pembelajaran menulis huruf tegak bersambung, sehingga dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menulisnya. Selain itu, saran bagi guru sebaiknya menggunakan variasi dalam pembelajaran agar siswa semakin bersemangat untuk menulis huruf tegak bersambung, dan juga memberikan perhatian lebih kepada siswa yang belum tuntas dalam menulis huruf tegak bersambung.