scholarly journals Pathways of entry and spread of rust pathogens implications for New Zealands biosecurity

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L.H. Viljanen-Rollinson ◽  
M.G. Cromey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Rust Pathogens

The long distance dispersal of many plant pathogens has been well documented This phenomenon is also common in Australasia with wind currents and movement of people and possibly plant material facilitating introduction of several rust pathogens from Australia to New Zealand The history of the arrival survival and spread of three rust pathogens from Australia to New Zealand is outlined Initial outbreaks of poplar rust in 1973 wheat stripe rust in 1980 and blackberry rust in 1990 are all likely to have been initiated from spores originating in Australia After arrival urediniospores have to be viable and there must be sufficient susceptible hosts and favourable environmental conditions so that initial infection foci can establish and facilitate further spread This information is used to assess the risks posed to New Zealand by other rust pathogens that occur in Australia such as asparagus rust and to assess ways to minimise these risks

scholarly journals The Evolutionary History of New Zealand Deschampsia Is Marked by Long-Distance Dispersal, Endemism, and Hybridization

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Zhiqing Xue ◽  
Josef Greimler ◽  
Ovidiu Paun ◽  
Kerry Ford ◽  
Michael H. J. Barfuss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Test Species ◽  
History Of

The contrasting evolutionary histories of endemic versus related cosmopolitan species provide avenues to understand the spatial drivers and limitations of biodiversity. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of three New Zealand endemic Deschampsia species, and how they are related to cosmopolitan D. cespitosa. We used RADseq to test species delimitations, infer a dated species tree, and investigate gene flow patterns between the New Zealand endemics and the D. cespitosa populations of New Zealand, Australia and Korea. Whole plastid DNA analysis was performed on a larger worldwide sampling. Morphometrics of selected characters were applied to New Zealand sampling. Our RADseq review of over 55 Mbp showed the endemics as genetically well-defined from each other. Their last common ancestor with D. cespitosa lived during the last ten MY. The New Zealand D. cespitosa appears in a clade with Australian and Korean samples. Whole plastid DNA analysis revealed the endemics as members of a southern hemisphere clade, excluding the extant D. cespitosa of New Zealand. Both data provided strong evidence for hybridization between D. cespitosa and D. chapmanii. Our findings provide evidence for at least two migration events of the genus Deschampsia to New Zealand and hybridization between D. cespitosa and endemic taxa.

Evolutionary significance of long-distance dispersal and hybridisation in the New Zealand endemic genus Hoheria (Malvaceae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Wagstaff ◽  
Brian P. J. Molloy ◽  
Jennifer A. Tate
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Endemic Genus ◽  
Its Phylogeny ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of

Parsimony and SplitsTree analyses of ITS and 5′ trnK/matK sequence data were used to assess the extent of hybridisation and its evolutionary significance in the New Zealand endemic genus Hoheria A.Cunn. The seven species of Hoheria form a monophyletic group along with the New Zealand endemic genus Plagianthus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. and the Australian endemics Asterotrichion Klotzsch. and Gynatrix Alef. This strongly supported clade is sister to a clade of Australian species of Lawrencia Hook. The inferred evolutionary history of Hoheria suggests that the extant species are derived from a common ancestor that arrived in New Zealand by long-distance dispersal. There was little divergence among the species of Hoheria in either their ITS or trnK/matK sequences. Two known Hoheria hybrids exhibited overlapping heteromorphic nucleotides at virtually all of the variable positions. Approximately 40% of the other Hoheria accessions in our study retain similar heteromorphic sites. These polymorphisms were shared among the deepest branches in the ITS phylogeny, which potentially suggests that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of Hoheria. The phylogenetic structure of the ITS phylogeny completely collapsed in the strict consensus tree, and there was significant conflict between the biparentally inherited ITS phylogeny and the maternally inherited trnK/matK phylogeny. However, the removal of known and suspected hybrids resulted in parsimony trees that were more resolved. SplitsTree analyses revealed incompatible signals in the data, but recovered well supported groups that diverged from a central boxy network. Although the species of Hoheria are isolated by their ecological preferences or geographical distributions, interspecific hybrids are common in urban areas where the species are often planted.

Scirrhia pini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Airborne Conidia ◽  
Infected Material

Abstract A description is provided for Scirrhia pini[Mycosphaerella pini]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines including Pinus radiata and its hybrids, P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. carbaea, P. ponderosa, P. nigra and others, Pseudotsuga menziesii (46, 2860), Larix decidua (49, 273). DISEASE: Dothistroma blight; red band. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA including Alaska), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand), Asia (Brunei, India, Japan), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda), Europe (Austria, France, Rumania, UK, USSR (Republic of Georgia), Yugoslavia) (CMI Map 419, ed. 2, 1970; record in CMI Herbarium). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia released and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism for short distances. Long distance dispersal may be by transport of infected material, such as nursery stock and, under special conditions, clouds may carry sporal inoculum (43, 2100). Survival time of inoculum in the form of cast, infected foliage on the forest floor is limited to 2-6 months under moist conditions (50, 2003).

The genus Menegazzia (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Species Relationships ◽  
Major Area ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
First Time

AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genus Menegazzia. Seven of these are new to science: M. abscondita Kantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, and M. athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. hypogymnioides Kantvilas, M. petraea Kantvilas, M. ramulicola Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas and M. tarkinea Kantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records of Menegazzia species pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include: Menegazzia prototypica P. James and Parmelia pertusa var. coskinodes F. Wilson [synonyms of M. myriotrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.], M. fertilis P. James [a synonym of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] and Parmelia pertusa var. montana F. Wilson (a synonym of M. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census include M. castanea P. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) and M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species, M. sanguinascens (Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern Australian M. norstictica P. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.

The angiosperm flora of the Archipelago Juan Fernandez (Chile): origin and dispersal

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 1266-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bernardello ◽  
Gregory J. Anderson ◽  
Tod F. Stuessy ◽  
Daniel J. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Dispersal Capability ◽  
Dispersal Unit ◽  
Unisexual Flowers ◽  
Dispersal Agents ◽  
Seeds And Fruits

We review the hypothesized origin and the methods of arrival of the angiosperm colonists to the Juan Fernandez Islands. We also summarize the dispersal capabilities of the current flora, including data on fruit type, fruit length, and dispersal unit length, correlating these features with dispersal and establishment. Most species originated from South America, followed by Pantropical, Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific colonizers. Sea and land birds were the most important initial long-distance dispersal agents. Most colonizing species are hermaphroditic flowered, and thus all dispersal methods are represented among them. Monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, dioecious, and polygamous species were mainly carried by birds. Most wind- and bird-pollinated colonizing genera arrived with birds as did most annual herbs and species with bright-colored flowers. In the current flora, the majority of the species have dry fruits. In monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, and dioecious species, achenes predominate. Fleshy fruits are limited to perennials. Most species have medium to small dispersal units, and generally, the larger the flower, the larger the fruit. Large- and medium-sized dispersal units are common in shrubs and trees. Abiotic dispersal is common in the current flora, which may reflect the ancestral dispersal capability of the colonizers, or adaptation to the absence of a fauna to disperse seeds and fruits. Anemochorous and autochorous species are mainly perennial and have medium to large, unisexual flowers. Anemochorous species have small dispersal units and dull-colored flowers, whereas large dispersal units and brightly colored flowers are frequent in autochorous species. Medium-sized dispersal units are represented in autochorous or ornithochorous species. The establishment and evolution of this flora was previously discussed to have occurred with very few pollination and (or) reproductive options. This study suggests that elements associated with dispersal are also analogously limited.

New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands: further evidence of long-distance dispersal events in the biogeography of a genus of Gondwanan relict oribatid mites

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2650 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
MATTHEW J. COLLOFF
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Oribatid Mite ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Norfolk Island

Three new species of oribatid mite belonging to the genus Crotonia are described: one from Lord Howe Island (C. gorgonia sp. nov.) and two (C. norfolkensis sp. nov. and C. utricularia sp. nov.) from Norfolk Island, South-west Pacific. Crotonia gorgonia sp. nov. belongs to the Capistrata species group which reaches its highest diversity in Australia but is absent from New Zealand. Crotonia norfolkensis sp. nov. is a member of the Cophinaria group, recorded from Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, but with closest morphological similarity to C. brachyrostrum (Hammer, 1966) from New Zealand. Crotonia utricularia sp. nov. belongs to the Unguifera group, which reaches its highest diversity in New Zealand, is absent from Australia, and is present on Vanuatu and the Marquesas. The distribution of members of the species-groups of Crotonia in the south-western Pacific indicates that the species from Lord Howe Island has affinities with species from Australia, while the species from Norfolk Island are both most similar to species from New Zealand, and represents further evidence of the capacity of Crotonia spp. for long-distance dispersal to oceanic islands.

scholarly journals Leaps and bounds: geographical and ecological distance constrained the colonisation of the Afrotemperate by Erica

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Pirie ◽  
Martha Kandziora ◽  
Nicolai M. Nürk ◽  
Nicholas C. Le Maitre ◽  
Ana Mugrabi de Kuppler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ecological Suitability ◽  
Ecological Distance ◽  
Source And Sink

Abstract Background The coincidence of long distance dispersal (LDD) and biome shift is assumed to be the result of a multifaceted interplay between geographical distance and ecological suitability of source and sink areas. Here, we test the influence of these factors on the dispersal history of the flowering plant genus Erica (Ericaceae) across the Afrotemperate. We quantify similarity of Erica climate niches per biogeographic area using direct observations of species, and test various colonisation scenarios while estimating ancestral areas for the Erica clade using parametric biogeographic model testing. Results We infer that the overall dispersal history of Erica across the Afrotemperate is the result of infrequent colonisation limited by geographic proximity and niche similarity. However, the Drakensberg Mountains represent a colonisation sink, rather than acting as a “stepping stone” between more distant and ecologically dissimilar Cape and Tropical African regions. Strikingly, the most dramatic examples of species radiations in Erica were the result of single unique dispersals over longer distances between ecologically dissimilar areas, contradicting the rule of phylogenetic biome conservatism. Conclusions These results highlight the roles of geographical and ecological distance in limiting LDD, but also the importance of rare biome shifts, in which a unique dispersal event fuels evolutionary radiation.

scholarly journals The tsunami geomorphology of coastal dunes

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Goff ◽  
E. Lane ◽  
J. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Coastal Geomorphology ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Geomorphological Features ◽  
Hummocky Topography

Abstract. An examination of the coastal geomorphology of bays along the Otago coastline, SE New Zealand, has identified a geomorphology consistent with tsunami inundation. A tsunami geomorphology consisting of a number of elements including dune pedestals, hummocky topography, parabolic dune systems, and post-tsunami features resulting from changes to the nearshore sediment budget is discussed. The most prominent features at Blueskin Bay are eroded pedestals although it is speculated that hummocky topography may be present in the bay. Tsunami geomorphology at Long Beach is more comprehensive with a marked association between pedestals and a hummocky topography. A full suite of potential geomorphological features however, is not present at either site. The type of features formed by a tsunami, and the ability to detect and interpret a tsunami geomorphology, hinges on the interaction between five key variables; sand availability, embayment type, nature of the coast, accumulation space, and landward environmental conditions. An appreciation of the geomorphic setting and history of a coast is therefore of fundamental importance when identifying what to look for and where to look for tsunami evidence. It is also important to realise that these features can also be formed by other processes.

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