scholarly journals Central Andean Railway in Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 272-303
Author(s):  
M. Graff
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Chief Engineer ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Andes

Built in the late 19th century, the Central Andean Railway in Peru was created through attracting foreign capital and foreign engineering ideas. Large-scale plans for exploitation of the richest deposits of copper, silver and gold formed the basis for construction of this railway line. The engineering solutions used in this project impress specialists even today. In particular, the so-called zigzags, which made it possible to lay a route along the inaccessible mountain ranges of the Andes. As the main investor of the project, American entrepreneur Henry Meiggs, once once said that the train will arrive there where llama can get.The chief engineer, author of the project, overseeing construction of the Central Railway, was Ernest Malinowski, a Polish specialist, honorary citizen of Peru.«The project of engineer Ernest Malinowski provides for construction of a railway line at an altitude of almost 5000 meters above sea level , which is impossible. The implementation of the bridges and viaducts designed by him seems to be risky», – this is how his contemporaries evaluated the project of the Polish engineer.

Populism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent P. Pecora
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Village Community

The most salient first use of the term populism and its cognates can be found in late 19th-century Tsarist Russia. The Russian peasant Narodniki [populists] of the 1860s and 1870s (People-ism would be an apt translation of their program of Narodnichestvo [ Народничество ]) supply a good beginning point. As Eric Hobsbawm has noted, the Narodnik program, which Marx’s very late work inclined toward, "believed that the Russian village community could provide the basis of a transition to socialism without prior disintegration through capitalist development" (1964: 49–50). Marxists of the time opposed this conflation of historical phases, but this mostly peasant and Slavophilic early populism in Russia is a telling precursor of later European and American groups who turned to notions of land, regional autonomy, and ethnic/racial bonds in the service of resistance to the deracinating effects of large-scale capitalism. Later, populism was often a reaction against the liberal nation-state’s need to manage capitalism by means of an increasingly powerful and centralized administrative apparatus. This reaction, however, took several distinct paths.

Stories and Structures

Paper Trails ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
Cameron Blevins
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
The Us ◽  
Postal Network ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chapter 2 follows the story of four siblings as they migrated westward and the role of the US Post in their lives. From the time they were orphaned as children in Ohio, the postal network connected Sarah, Jamie, Delia, and Benjamin Curtis across space. The Curtis siblings joined a migratory wave of people that washed across the western United States during the late 19th century. No matter where they moved, from a railway line on the central plains to a mill town in northern California to a backcountry ranch in Arizona, they could rely on the US Post’s expansive infrastructure to communicate with each other. Across dozens of surviving letters, the US Post’s structural power comes into focus, giving meaning to how its institutional arrangements and wider geography shaped everyday experiences and conditions in the 19th-century West.

The Mandaean Community and Ottoman-British Rivalry in Late 19th-Century Iraq: The Curious Case of Shaykh Ṣaḥan

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-425
Author(s):  
Thabit A.J. Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
State Centralization ◽  
The Town ◽  
Scale Transformations ◽  
The Way

Abstract In 1895, a Mandaean priest was captured near the town of Chabāyish in Iraq and brought to the jailhouse in Basra. Shaykh Ṣaḥan was accused of murdering his nephew and, more significantly, of supporting an Arab tribal rebellion against Ottoman authority. Using archival sources and Mandaean oral history, this article analyzes the case of Shaykh Ṣaḥan within the context of state centralization, Ottoman-British rivalry, and the internal conflicts among the Mandaeans. The case is significant because it sheds light on how large-scale transformations affected vulnerable minorities like the Mandaeans, and the way these communities struggled to survive in turbulent times.

The diachrony of quotation: Evidence from New Zealand English

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra D'Arcy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Scale Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Large Scale Change ◽  
Direct Quotation

AbstractMuch recent work on English direct quotation assumes that the system is undergoing rapid and large-scale change via the emergence of “innovative” forms such as be like. This view is supported by synchronic evidence, but the dearth of diachronic evidence forces reconsideration of this assumption. Drawing on data representing the full history of New Zealand English, this paper presents a variationist analysis of the quotative system, providing a continuous link between present-day quotation and that of the late 19th century. It reveals a longitudinal and multifaceted trajectory of change, resulting in a highly constrained variable grammar in which language-internal contextual factors have evolved and specialized, the effects of which reverberate throughout the sector.

scholarly journals Dwanaście kolumn z Gortyny — historia odkrycia

Prawo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of

The twelve columns of Gortyn — history of the discoveryThe article is devoted to the history of the discovery of the so-called Code of Gortyn, which has attracted the interest of philologists and historians of law. The Code of Gortyn was discovered in the late 19th century by chance, yet the discovery was linked to large-scale archaeological research conducted on the island by the French, Germans and Italians. Its most extensive fragment was found by the Italian scholar Frederico Halbherr, who is consequently regarded as its discoverer, although we should not forget about the contributions of French scholars working independently, about the assistance provided by Ernst Fabricius and about the contributions of local scholars.Die zwölf Säulen aus Gortys — Geschichte der EntdeckungGegenstand des Beitrags ist die Geschichte der Entdeckung des sog. Stadtrechtes von Gortys, das seitdem Gegenstand der Interesse der Philologen und Rechtshistoriker ist. Die Entdeckung der Inschrift am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Gortys war ein reiner Zufall, obwohl sie doch mit den breit angelegten archäologischen Untersuchungen, die auf Kreta durch die Franzosen, Deutschen und Italiener geführt waren, im Zusammenhang stand. Der größte Teil der Inschrift wurde durch den italienischen Wissenschaftler Frederico Halbherr gefunden, so gilt er als ihr Entdecker. Der Beitrag der französischen Wissenschaftler, die unabhängig handelten, sowie die Hilfe seitens Ernst Fabricius und auch der Beitrag des örtlichen wissenschaftlichen Milieus dürfen jedoch dabei nicht vergessen werden.

Etruscan Architecture

Classics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Edlund-Berry
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
New Evidence

The study of Etruscan architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture 4.7.1–4), the proportions and layout of the so-called Tuscan temple are well known and have been much admired and studied during the Renaissance and later. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed much since the advent of large-scale excavations in the late 19th century, and since the 1950s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy.

scholarly journals Global sport and consumer culture: An introduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Giulianotti ◽  
Dino Numerato
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Celebrity Culture

This paper introduces the Special Issue of the Journal of Consumer Culture on the theme of ‘Global Sport and Consumer Culture'. We begin by briefly setting out how the interrelations of global sport and consumer culture have intensified through three historical stages: first, a ‘take-off' phase from the late 19th century to the mid-1940s; second, an ‘integrative and expansionist' phase from the late 1940s to the late 1980s; third, a ‘transnational hyper-commodification' phase from the early 1990s onwards. We argue that contemporary global consumer sport is underpinned by five ‘large-scale transnational processes', which are globalization, commodification, securitization, mediatization, and postmodernization. We explore how a variety of substantive themes subsequently emerge within global consumer sport, which are diversely referenced by the papers in this special issue; these themes include social structures and divisions, celebrity culture, the making of sport consumers, and the glocal aspects of global consumer sport. We conclude by outlining the contents of the seven papers contained within this Special Issue.

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