scholarly journals Am Ende der modernen Sicherheit: William James über religiöse Erfahrung

Author(s):  
Markus Riedenauer

Abstract At the End of Modern Security: William James on Religious Experience William James defends religious belief as a reasonable option against a kind of widespread agnosticism which he calls scientific absolutism, and against the dogmatism which he sees in the natural theology of his time. On the basis of his collection of essays “The Will to Believe”, the article reconstructs his arguments and the epistemological foundation of his famous treatment of religious experience in “The Varieties of Religious Experience”. James’ pragmatistic approach, which he calls radical empiricism, resists the exclusion of “mystical” experiences of conversion and redemption, and of religious faith from the realm of reasonable attitudes. Experiences of the astonishing gift of being, of trust and openness, courage and motivation to endure life’s evils can validate religious faith. In so far as modern rationality with its highest expression in the sciences is rooted in an existential quest for security, the underlying attitude towards life unnecessarily prevents personal experiences of the divine and salvation and unreasonably devaluates attitudes of faith. James defends the desiring nature of human beings and opens up the space for legitimate religious experience.

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-557
Author(s):  
Clyde Nabe

Van Harvey's The Historian and the Believer appeared nearly a century after W. K. Clifford's ‘The ethics of belief’. Harvey is critical of the epistemological supports of religious belief in a way strikingly similar to Clifford's criticisms. But Clifford's view did not go uncriticized in the intervening period. William James for instance used Clifford's essay as a foil for his argument in ‘The will to believe’. Now here is Clifford's argument again offered in twentieth century garb in Harvey's book. That a view so similar to Clifford's can arise again a century later, and after strong criticism, suggests that there is some important integrity to that view, and that that view strikes a responsive chord in the ear of many contemporary human beings. This paper intends therefore to examine Clifford's and Harvey's works in order to uncover what makes their shared view attractive.


Philosophy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Slater

William James (b. 1842–d. 1910) was the most influential American philosopher and psychologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the founding father of empirical psychology in the United States. A thinker of unusually broad interests and abilities and a physiologist by training, James rose to international prominence with the publication of his monumental The Principles of Psychology (originally published in 1890), but devoted roughly the last twenty years of his life to popular lecturing on philosophical and psychological topics and to the articulation and development of his philosophical views, the seeds of which can be largely found in Principles. He is perhaps best known to philosophers today as one of the originators of pragmatism (along with Charles Sanders Peirce), and for his defense of innovative and controversial philosophical doctrines such as radical empiricism and “the will to believe.” In addition to Principles, James’s most famous works are The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (published first in 1897), The Varieties of Religious Experience (published in 1902), and Pragmatism (first published in 1907).


2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 431-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher White

A number of recent studies have drawn attention to how the study of religion and religious seeking were intertwined in European and American cultures in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ann Taves, Leigh Schmidt and Hans Kippenberg, for example, have pointed to ways that particularly Protestant anxieties and dilemmas shaped scholarly thinking about categories such as experience and “mysticism.” Scholars have been less interested, however, in the other side of the exchange—less interested, in other words, in how scholarship has reshaped religious belief and practice. The first Americans to study religion scientifically, American psychologists of religion, serve as a particularly useful illustration of how scholarly methods influenced modern ways of believing, but there is still little historical scholarship on the key figures involved. There remain few critical works, for example, on the pioneer psychologists of religion—Edwin Starbuck (1866–1947), George Coe (1862–1951), James Bissett Pratt (1875–1944), and G. Stanley Hall (1844–1924)—and their ways of studying and attempting to reform religion. The notable exception is, of course, the literature on William James, which includes an enormous number of dissertations and monographs, including several important studies examining the Varieties of Religious Experience and James's other efforts to help fashion a science of religion. But even the scholarship on James does not consider how he and others used the sciences to reform religious belief and revitalize American culture. Given the fact that James identified himself as a psychologist, engaged a wide range of neurological, physiological and psychological thinkers in his work, and drew extensively on psychologists like George Coe and Edwin Starbuck, it is remarkable that these contexts have been overlooked. His debt to the psychologist Edwin Starbuck is particularly striking. In his Varieties, he uses or refers to Starbuck's empirical work twenty-six times, he draws from Starbuck's questionnaire data thirty-seven times, and he mentions Starbuck by name a total of forty-six times, which is roughly the equivalent of once in every six pages of text.


2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-75
Author(s):  
Ludwig Nagl

The “Cambridge pragmatists”, Charles S. Peirce, William James and Josiah Royce, are at least in two respects significantly indebted to Kant: first, as von Kempski, Apel and Murphey have shown, with regard to the epistemological issues investigated in pragmatism; secondly, with regard to the various pragmatic approaches to religion, something which has been long overlooked. These approaches are best understood as innovative re-readings of Kant’s postulates of freedom, immortality, and God. Since Hilary Putnam pointed out — in his 1992 book Renewing Philosophy — that James’s essay, “The Will to Believe”, in spite of having received a great deal of hostile criticism, is in “its logic, in fact, precise and impeccable”, James’s thoughts are considered by many contemporary philosophers (by Charles Taylor, e.g., and by Hans Joas) as particularly inspiring. James’s approach is based on the modern experience of secularism and interprets Kant’s “postulate” as the “option” to believe. A deepening of the debate on the relevance of Kant’s analysis of the horizon of religious hope with regard to human praxis for a pragmatism-inspired philosophy of religion can be expected from a detailed discussion of the thoughts of Peirce and Royce, of thoughts, which, in complex ways, relate to, as well as criticise, James’s individuum-focused interpretation of religious faith.


Author(s):  
Mark R. Wynn

This chapter considers how the conception of spiritual goods that has been introduced in earlier chapters may provide a framework for the assessment of theological narratives. In brief, a narrative will make more of a demand upon us, in spiritual terms, to the extent that its truth would enable the realization of hybrid goods that run broad and deep. In this chapter, we call this the principle of spiritual good, and compare it with other ways of trying to map the basic structure of religious thought, notably the ‘great-making principle’ that has been propounded in perfect being theology. This second principle offers a divine-nature-focused route into the question of what we are to think in religious terms, whereas the proposal we are developing begins rather with the nature of spiritual goods, and is to that extent more human-nature-focused. We consider how the principle of spiritual good may enable us to integrate otherwise apparently quite disparate fields of enquiry, and how it may throw light on the entrenched character of some disagreements in philosophical theology. We also compare this principle to a related principle that William James presents in his essay ‘The Will to Believe’. James is also interested in the idea that prospective spiritual ‘benefits’ may provide a measure for the adequacy of religious thought, but the benefits with which he is concerned are, characteristically, psychological in nature, unlike hybrid goods, which have inherently a theological structure.


Philosophy ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 58 (225) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Doore

There is widespread agreement among philosophers that William James's well-known attempt to justify religious faith in ‘The Will to Believe’ is a failure. But despite the fact that James wrote his essay as a reply to the ‘tough-minded’ ethics of belief represented by such thinkers as W. K. Clifford and T. H. Huxley, the reasons commonly given today for rejecting James's position seem to be mostly based on the same principle of intellectual ethics that motivated Clifford and Huxley. Clifford, it may be recalled, maintained that ‘It is wrong always, everywhere, and for everyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence’. Although this is a rather rhetorical way of stating it, the principle is basically the same one adhered to by most scientists and philosophers who consider themselves rigorous and ‘objective’ thinkers. Even philosophers not associated with the hardheaded modern Anglo-American style of empiricism commonly pledge their allegiance to such a principle. For example, Brand Blanshard (who is an epistemological idealist) holds that the ‘main principle’ of the ethics of belief is that one should ‘equate one's assent to the evidence’ and he then goes on to criticize James, on the basis of this principle, for advocating self-deception and intellectual dishonesty.


Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger

This chapter presents a comparative reading of W. K. Clifford's 1877 treatise, “The Ethics of Belief,” and William James' 1897 essay, “The Will to Believe.” It provides an interpretation of each in the distinctive contexts of England in the 1870s and New England in the 1890s. It argues that Clifford displayed more sensitivity than James did to the consequences of belief. This is an ironic reversal of roles in the story of a great pragmatist who insisted that “the whole defense of religious faith hinges upon” the action that faith requires or inspires. James' “The Will to Believe” should be understood not only as an artifact of its author's agony about the fate of Christianity in the age of science, but also as a product of his political complacency. Clifford had a much more modern understanding than James did of the function of belief systems in society and politics.


2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Hewitt

Although it may be widely accepted that the capacity for religious experience constitutes a mental state which, as with all mental states and inner experiences, has a neurological foundation, it is not so readily agreed upon as to what the psychological significance of such a state might be. That is to say, what are the affective components that pertain to that ‘more’ of religious experience that can be identified across specific religious traditions and histories? For William James, the proper study of religions must begin with the actual, felt religious experiences of human beings in specific contexts. Yet it is this focus on religious experience that appears to leave some contemporary theorists of religion uneasy, as if the exploration of the affective dimension negates or ‘softens’ the by now clear neurological basis of religious experience and beliefs. Underlying this unease, of course, is that the psychological/phenomenological approach conceals a hidden theological interest. That this is often true is more by contingency than theoretical necessity. This unease goes back at least as far as Freud’s ambivalence toward the ‘oceanic feeling,’ or what cognitive archaeologist David Lewis-Williams refers to as ‘absolute unitary being,’ which is a widely valued feature of religious experience for believers. This ambivalence should not marginalize the importance of ‘psychological significance,’ however, as it did in Freud’s writing on religion and as it continues to do in that of contemporary theorists, particularly those who turn to neuroscience as an important explanatory resource in the study of religious experience. This paper will argue that conceptual balance addressing the emotional and biological elements of religious experience is methodologically more adequate and theoretically richer than more strictly cognitive approaches, and will focus most centrally on the work of Sigmund Freud and David Lewis-Williams. Si l’idée que la capacité à l’expérience religieuse constitue un état mental qui, comme tous les états mentaux ou expériences intérieures, a une fondation neurologique est très largement partagée, la signification psychologique d’un tel état ne fait pas l’objet d’un tel consensus. En d’autres termes, quels sont les éléments affectifs ayant trait à ce « plus » de l’expérience religieuse qui peuvent être identifiés à travers les traditions et histoires spécifiques des religions ? Pour William James, l’étude des religions doit commencer par l’expérience réelle et ressentie par les êtres humains dans des contextes spécifiques. Cependant, cette attention portée à l’expérience religieuse semble laisser les théoriciens contemporains mal à l’aise, comme si l’exploration de cette dimension affective niait ou minimisait la base aujourd’hui clairement neurologique de l’expérience religieuse et des croyances. Accentuant ce malaise, bien sûr, l’approche psychologique/phénoménologique dissimule un présupposé théologique caché. Si ceci est souvent vrai, ça l’est par contingence plus que par nécessité théorique. Ce malaise nous renvoie au moins jusqu’à l’ambivalence freudienne envers le « sentiment océanique », ou à ce que l’archéologue constructiviste David Lewis-Williams appelle l’ ‘être absolu et un’ qui est un trait largement valorisé de l’expérience religieuse pour les croyants. Cette ambivalence ne doit pas marginaliser l’importance de la ‘signification psychologique’, comme ce fut le cas depuis les écrits de Freud sur la religion jusque chez les théoriciens contemporains, plus particulièrement ceux qui considèrent les neurosciences comme une ressource explicative dans l’étude de l’expérience religieuse. Cet article qui portera principalement sur les travaux de Sigmund Freud and David Lewis-Williams, montrera que l’équilibre conceptuel entre les éléments émotionnels et biologiques de l’expérience religieuse est plus adéquat et, d’un point de vue théorique, plus riche que des approches strictement cognitives.


2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
CUSHING STROUT

William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, centenary edition, foreword Micky James, intro. Eugene Taylor and Jeremy Carrette (Routledge, 2002)Charles Taylor, Varieties of Religion Today: William James Revisited (Harvard University Press, 2002)William James and a Science of Religions, ed. Wayne Proudfoot (Columbia University Press, 2004)William James has a secure reputation as a pioneer psychologist and as a founding father of the philosophy of pragmatism. In his own time, however, he was best known and most popular among the laity for “The Will to Believe” (1895) and for The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902), which were defenses erected on behalf of religion in an increasingly secular world. Religious liberals treated the Bible as one human document among others and Christian faith as one tradition among many, but they “sought to salvage what they could of traditional belief, piety, and ethic.” James was part of this movement that took science, empiricism, and modern philosophy as a point of departure, but his contribution to it was distinctive, original, and (in his own idiom) unusually “tough-minded.”


1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Masterson

There is tension between Montesquieu's determinist science of human behaviour and his moral prescriptions. He believed in natural law and rights, notably the right to liberty. Yet he advanced physical explanations of individual behaviour and a mixture of physical and social explanations of cultural differences in moral and aesthetic attitudes, religious belief and the capacity to sustain liberty. Such explanations conflict with the assertion that human beings can know and follow universal natural laws. Despite his explanations of religious beliefs, Montesquieu resolved the intellectual and emotional tension between his doctrines by recourse to his own religious beliefs—for a working knowledge of moral principles—and the notion of a freely acting, immaterial soul, although his science seems to leave it almost no room for action.


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