scholarly journals The enigma of speech and language acquisition in human - A genetic approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Jayanta Kumar Kundu ◽  
Suman Pratihar ◽  
Rudra Prasad Nath
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Splice Form ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Normal Language ◽  
Functional Copy ◽  
Glutamine Rich Region

The use of language is one of the most vital traits that distinguish human from other species. The gene FOXP2 (fork head box P2) is relevant to the human ability to develop language. FOXP2 is situated on human chromosome 7q31, and its major splice form encodes a protein of 715 amino acids. It contains a glutamine rich region consisting of two adjacent polyglutamine tracts, encoded by mixtures of CAG and CAA repeats. Two functional copy of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal language in human. The chimpanzee, gorilla and the rhesus macaque FOXP2 proteins are all identical to each other and carry only one difference from the mouse and two differences from the human protein, whereas the orangutan two differences from the mouse and three from humans. This gene is also important on particular aspects of cognition awareness or grammatical processing.

scholarly journals The Glycine-Phenylalanine-Rich Region Determines the Specificity of the Yeast Hsp40 Sis1

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 7751-7758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Yan ◽  
Elizabeth A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Chaperones ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Unique Region ◽  
Chimeric Genes ◽  
F Region ◽  
Initiation Of Translation ◽  
J Domain ◽  
Essential Function

ABSTRACT Hsp40s are ubiquitous, conserved proteins which function with molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 class. Sis1 is an essential Hsp40 of the cytosol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thought to be required for initiation of translation. We carried out a genetic analysis to determine the regions of Sis1 required to perform its key function(s). A C-terminal truncation of Sis1, removing 231 amino acids but retaining the N-terminal 121 amino acids encompassing the J domain and the glycine-phenylalanine-rich (G-F) region, was able to rescue the inviability of a Δsis1 strain. The yeast cytosol contains other Hsp40s, including Ydj1. To determine which regions carried the critical determinants of Sis1 function, we constructed chimeric genes containing portions of SIS1 and YDJ1. A chimera containing the J domain of Sis1 and the G-F region of Ydj1 could not rescue the lethality of the Δsis1 strain. However, a chimera with the J domain of Ydj1 and the G/F region of Sis1 could rescue the strain’s lethality, indicating that the G-F region is a unique region required for the essential function of Sis1. However, a J domain is also required, as mutants expected to cause a disruption of the interaction of the J domain with Hsp70 are inviable. We conclude that the G-F region, previously thought only to be a linker or spacer region between the J domain and C-terminal regions of Hsp40s, is a critical determinant of Sis1 function.

Three Mathematical Foundations for Syntax

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Edward P. Stabler
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Mathematical Foundation ◽  
Syntactic Theory ◽  
Theory Structure ◽  
Natural Connection ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Mathematical Foundations

Three different foundational ideas can be identified in recent syntactic theory: structure from substitution classes, structure from dependencies among heads, and structure as the result of optimizing preferences. As formulated in this review, it is easy to see that these three ideas are completely independent. Each has a different mathematical foundation, each suggests a different natural connection to meaning, and each implies something different about how language acquisition could work. Since they are all well supported by the evidence, these three ideas are found in various mixtures in the prominent syntactic traditions. From this perspective, if syntax springs fundamentally from a single basic human ability, it is an ability that exploits a coincidence of a number of very different things.

Caregiver-Child Interactions and Their Impact on Children’s Fluency

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Bernstein Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Parental Interaction ◽  
Normal Language

There is a relatively strong focus in the stuttering literature on the desirability of selected alterations in parental speech and language style in the management of early stuttering. In this article, the existing research support for such recommendations is evaluated, together with relevant research from the normal language acquisition literature that bears on the potential consequences of changing parental interaction style. Recommendations with relatively stronger and weaker support are discussed. Ways in which children’s communication styles and fluency may be altered through newer fluency treatment protocols are contrasted with older, more general parent advisements. Finally, directions for future research into the efficacy of recommendations made to the parents of children who stutter (CWS) are offered.

Normal language acquisition

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rescorla ◽  
Jennifer Mirak
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Normal Language

Transcript Mapping of the Human Chromosome 11q12–q13.1 Gene-Rich Region Identifies Several Newly Described Conserved Genes

Genomics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Cooper ◽  
Norma J. Nowak ◽  
Michael J. Higgins ◽  
Deanna M. Church ◽  
Thomas B. Shows
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Transcript Mapping ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Gene Rich Region

scholarly journals The AF1 and AF2 Domains of the Androgen Receptor Interact with Distinct Regions of SRC1

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 8383-8392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte L. Bevan ◽  
Sue Hoare ◽  
Frank Claessens ◽  
David M. Heery ◽  
Malcolm G. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Ligand Binding Domain ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Androgen Receptor Activity ◽  
Glutamine Rich Region

ABSTRACT The androgen receptor is unusual among nuclear receptors in that most, if not all, of its activity is mediated via the constitutive activation function in the N terminus. Here we demonstrate that p160 coactivators such as SRC1 (steroid receptor coactivator 1) interact directly with the N terminus in a ligand-independent manner via a conserved glutamine-rich region between residues 1053 and 1123. Although SRC1 is capable of interacting with the ligand-binding domain by means of LXXLL motifs, this interaction is not essential since an SRC1 mutant with no functional LXXLL motifs retains its ability to potentiate androgen receptor activity. In contrast, mutants lacking the glutamine-rich region are inactive, indicating that this region is both necessary and sufficient for recruitment of SRC1 to the androgen receptor. This recruitment is in direct contrast to the recruitment of SRC1 to the estrogen receptor, which requires interaction with the ligand-binding domain.

scholarly journals Specificity of Class II Hsp40 Sis1 in Maintenance of Yeast Prion [RNQ +]

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1172-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Lopez ◽  
Rebecca Aron ◽  
Elizabeth A. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Chaperones ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Yeast Prion ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
F Region ◽  
Methionine Residues ◽  
Hsp 40

Sis1 and Ydj1, functionally distinct heat shock protein (Hsp)40 molecular chaperones of the yeast cytosol, are homologs of Hdj1 and Hdj2 of mammalian cells, respectively. Sis1 is necessary for propagation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [RNQ + ]; Ydj1 is not. The ability to function in [RNQ + ] maintenance has been conserved, because Hdj1 can function to maintain Rnq1 in an aggregated form in place of Sis1, but Hdj2 cannot. An extended glycine-rich region of Sis1, composed of a region rich in phenylalanine residues (G/F) and another rich in methionine residues (G/M), is critical for prion maintenance. Single amino acid alterations in a short stretch of amino acids of the G/F region of Sis1 that are absent in the otherwise highly conserved G/F region of Ydj1 cause defects in prion maintenance. However, there is some functional redundancy within the glycine-rich regions of Sis1, because a deletion of the adjacent glycine/methionine (G/M) region was somewhat defective in propagation of [RNQ + ] as well. These results are consistent with a model in which the glycine-rich regions of Hsp40s contain specific determinants of function manifested through interaction with Hsp70s.

scholarly journals Effect of mutations within the Cys-rich region of potyvirus helper component-proteinase on self-interaction

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2809-2812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima ◽  
Ivan G. Maia ◽  
Gabrièle Drugeon ◽  
Anne-Lise Haenni ◽  
Françoise Bernardi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Conserved Residues ◽  
Helper Component ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid System ◽  
Terminal Amino ◽  
Helper Component Proteinase ◽  
Two Hybrid

The first ∼60 amino acids of the N-terminal part of the potyvirus helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) include highly conserved residues comprising a Cys-rich region. In the present study, the domain in Potato virus Y sufficient for self-interaction was mapped using the yeast two-hybrid system to the 83 N-terminal amino acids of HC-Pro. Mutations in the conserved His and two Cys residues within the Cys-rich region have a strong debilitating effect on self-interaction when introduced in the full-length HC-Pro, but not when introduced in the N-terminal fragment.

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