Development of a Universal Scale for Validating the Process of Sanitization of Equipment, Materials and Surfaces in the Animal Facility

Background: Monitoring of sanitization of cage equipment is an essential function of any laboratory animal facilities, seeking to ensure the animal health and welfare. The purpose of the current study was to develop universal scale for monitoring sanitization through detection of residual ATP for the most effective process of sanitizing components of rodents micro- and macro-environment. Methods: Sterile pens and swabs for the HY-LiTE® Luminometer Instrument were used to measure ATP concentration (RLU) on the cleaned surface samples. We have examined the elements of the microenvironment (rodent and rabbit cage, cage wire meshes, feed separating pieces, water bottles with tips, houses, tunnels, IVC cage frames, cage tops and cage wire meshes). The assessed swab area on each of the surfaces was 10×10 cm. Result: We observed, that combined washing (cleaned manually and with automatic universal washers with detergent) gives the lowest RLU values. Monitoring of the quality of sanitization of equipment and surfacescan be carried out without the use of microbiological tests. Use of pre-washing allows increasing the service life of caging equipment. We have developed an assessment scale to monitor sanitizing, which can be recommended to scientific and breeding animal facilities for monitoring sanitization cage equipments.

EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE STUDY OF MULTI-STORIED RCC BUILDING WITH FVD ON SLOPING GROUND

Damping performs essential function in format of earthquake resistant structures, which lower the change of the shape when they are subjected to lateral loads or earthquake. In the existing study fluid viscous dampers (FVD) are used to consider the response of RCC buildings on sloping ground. The important challenge of a structure is to endure the lateral loads and switch them to the foundation and to control the story displacement. In order to make structure earthquake resistant, (FVD) have been used. The building is modeled in ETAB 2018 and modeled with different location of FVD. After the study results show building with fluid viscous dampers (FVD) at diagonal bracing shows better performance.

The Immunoglobulin Superfamily Members syg-2 and syg-1 Regulate Neurite Development in C. elegans

Neurons form elaborate networks by guiding axons and dendrites to appropriate destinations. Neurites require information about the relative body axes during the initial projection from the cell body, and failure to receive or interpret those cues correctly can result in outgrowth errors. We identified a mutation in the Ig superfamily member syg-2 in a screen for animals with anterior/posterior (A/P) axon guidance defects. We found that syg-2 and its cognate Ig family member syg-1 appear to function in a linear genetic pathway to control the outgrowth of GABAergic axons. We determined that this pathway works in parallel to Wnt signaling. Specifically, mutations in syg-2 or syg-1 selectively affected the embryonically derived Dorsal D-type (DD) GABAergic neurons. We found no evidence that these mutations affected the Ventral D-type neurons (VD) that form later, during the first larval stage. In addition, mutations in syg-1 or syg-2 could result in the DD neurons forming multiple processes, becoming bipolar, rather than the expected pseudounipolar morphology. Given SYG-2′s essential function in synaptogenesis of the hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), we also examined DD neuron synapses in syg-2 mutants. We found syg-2 mutants had a decreased number of synapses formed, but synaptic morphology was largely normal. These results provide further evidence that the GABAergic motorneurons use multiple guidance pathways during development.

The TOG protein Stu2 is regulated by acetylation

Stu2 in S. cerevisiae is a member of the XMAP215/Dis1/Alp14/Msps/CKAP5/ch-TOG family of MAPs and has multiple functions in controlling microtubules, including microtubule polymerization, microtubule depolymerization, linking chromosomes to the kinetochore, and assembly of γ-TuSCs at the SPB. Whereas phosphorylation has been shown to be critical for Stu2 localization at the kinetochore, other regulatory mechanisms that control Stu2 function are still poorly understood. Here, we show that a novel form of Stu2 regulation occurs through the acetylation of three lysine residues at K252, K469, and K870, which are located in three distinct domains of Stu2. Alteration of acetylation through acetyl-mimetic and acetyl-blocking mutations did not impact the essential function of Stu2. Instead, these mutations lead to both positive and negative changes in chromosome stability, as well as changes in resistance to the microtubule depolymerization drug, benomyl. In agreement with our in silico modeling, several acetylation-mimetic mutants displayed increased interactions with γ-tubulin. Taken together, these data suggest that Stu2 acetylation can govern multiple Stu2 functions in both a positive and negative manner, including chromosome stability and interactions at the SPB.

DISCOURSE MARKERS USED BY STUDENTS IN NONFORMAL EDUCATION

It is very common to acknowledge that in order to achieve a good communication, discourse markers are needed as one of a tool to perform in linking the ideas to ideas, especially in spoken language, it’s really helpful in guiding the speakers and listeners to comprehend what is being discussed or talked. There are several studies has been discussed about what discourse markers are especially in spoken language, but in this research, the realization of discourse markers is the aim of the study. The data source of this research were students in Harford Institute Sekip Branch, there were 16 students taken from 4 different levels and they were taken by using purposive sampling. The data were the words from their utterances which contains of discourse markers which were collected by using audio recorder. And the research was done by applying descriptive qualitative method. The result revealed that there are 3 realizations based on the position found in Discourse Markers, they are at the boundary (Initial), after the first word (Middle) and later (Final), where initial discourse markers appeared as the most dominant one. It is proved that the discourse marker realized in the Initial position to signal upcoming information, since discourse markers has the essential function to connect or link ideas to the ideas or even as a pause in the speech. Keywords: Discourse Markers, Students Interactions, NonformalEducation

The Capability of Utilizing Abiotic Enantiomers of Amino Acids by Halomonas sp. LMO_D1 Derived From the Mariana Trench

D-amino acids (D-AAs) have been produced both in organisms and in environments via biotic or abiotic processes. However, the existence of these organic materials and associated microbial degradation activity has not been previously investigated in subduction zones where tectonic activities result in the release of hydrothermal organic matter. Here, we isolated the bacterium Halomonas sp. LMO_D1 from a sample obtained from the Mariana trench, and we determined that this isolate utilized 13 different D-AAs (D-Ala, D-Glu, D-Asp, D-Ser, D-Leu, D-Val, D-Tyr, D-Gln, D-Asn, D-Pro, D-Arg, D-Phe, and D-Ile) in the laboratory and could grow on D-AAs under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Moreover, the metabolism of L-AAs was more severely impaired under HHP conditions compared with that of their enantiomers. The essential function gene (Chr_2344) required for D-AA catabolism in strain LMO_D1 was identified and confirmed according to the fosmid library method used on the D-AAs plate. The encoded enzyme of this gene (DAADH_2344) was identified as D-amino acid dehydrogenase (DAADH), and this gene product supports the catabolism of a broad range of D-AAs. The ubiquitous distribution of DAADHs within the Mariana Trench sediments suggests that microorganisms that utilize D-AAs are common within these sediments. Our findings provide novel insights into the microbial potential for utilizing abiotic enantiomers of amino acids within the subduction zone of the Mariana trench under HHP, and our results provide an instructive significance for understanding these abiotic enantiomers and allow for insights regarding how organisms within extraterrestrial HHP environments can potentially cope with toxic D-AAs.

“The More You Do, the More Comfortable You Feel”: the Police Hostage and Crisis Negotiator Journey

Hostage and crisis negotiators are specialist police officers utilised internationally by police forces to resolve hostage and crisis incidents. Whilst the role has been heavily documented in some parts of the world (namely the United States of America), there is a lack of literature relating to the organisational and operational processes and procedures in place for police negotiators in the United Kingdom. Equally, there is limited research that has explored the experiences of negotiators who perform an essential function within a variety of life-or-death situations with a view to understanding how officers transition from trainee to qualified negotiators. This paper outlines the development of a grounded theoretical model that depicts the “hostage and crisis negotiator journey,” as represented by English negotiators. Interviews were conducted with 15 negotiators from nine police forces in England and a conceptual model was developed including five primary, 12 secondary, and 32 tertiary categories. The negotiator journey is chronologically recounted by means of the five main primary categories identified: (1) ‘Why? Reasons for entering (and remaining within) the negotiator world’, (2) ‘Who and how? The negotiator profile and selection’, (3) ‘Negotiator training’, (4) ‘Operational negotiator roles’, and (5) ‘Negotiator welfare and support’. This paper demonstrates one of the first attempts to empirically map the processes and procedures in place for negotiators in England and the findings are discussed in line with their potential implications for police policy and practice.

New Results of the Time-Space Fractional Derivatives of Kortewege-De Vries Equations via Novel Analytic Method

Symmetry performs an essential function in finding the correct techniques for solutions to time space fractional differential equations (TSFDEs). In this article, we present the Novel Analytic Method (NAM) for approximate solutions of the linear and non-linear KdV equation for TSFDs. To enunciate the non-integer derivative for the aforementioned equation, the Caputo operator is manipulated. Furthermore, the formula implemented is a numerical way that is postulated from Taylor’s series, which confirms an analytical answer in the form of a convergent series. For delineation of the efficiency and functionality of the method in question, four applications are exemplified along with graphical interpretation and numerical solutions to finitely illustrate the behavior of the solution to this equation. Moreover, the 3D graphs of some of these numerical examples are plotted with specific values. Observing the effectiveness of this process, we can easily decide that this process can be implemented to other TSFDEs applied in the mathematical modeling of a real-world aspect.

Geo-environmental Factors in Three Persian Folk Stories: A Preliminary Study

Stories mirror the essential function of human cognitive activity. In the present preliminary study, we hypothesized that the mental spaces that make up the stories can be influenced by the environmental conditions of their creators. For this purpose, three stories from three different climatic zones in Iran were selected and a content analysis method was used to analyze their components. Results showed significant differences between the mental spaces of different geographic regions in these three stories. This finding could be considered as a step taken to show the extent to which an individual’s cognition and cognitive processing in general and the creation of meaning in particular, is an extension and representation of embodied experience. We have discussed the subject in the framework of narrative analysis as well as cognitive semantics.

Taming active transposons at Drosophila telomeres: The interconnection between HipHop’s roles in capping and transcriptional silencing

Drosophila chromosomes are elongated by retrotransposon attachment, a process poorly understood. Here we characterized a mutation affecting the HipHop telomere-capping protein. In mutant ovaries and the embryos that they produce, telomere retrotransposons are activated and transposon RNP accumulates. Genetic results are consistent with that this hiphop mutation weakens the efficacy of HP1-mediated silencing while leaving piRNA-based mechanisms largely intact. Remarkably, mutant females display normal fecundity suggesting that telomere de-silencing is compatible with germline development. Moreover, unlike prior mutants with overactive telomeres, the hiphop stock does not over-accumulate transposons for hundreds of generations. This is likely due to the loss of HipHop’s abilities both to silence transcription and to recruit transposons to telomeres in the mutant. Furthermore, embryos produced by mutant mothers experience a checkpoint activation, and a further loss of maternal HipHop leads to end-to-end fusion and embryonic arrest. Telomeric retroelements fulfill an essential function yet maintain a potentially conflicting relationship with their Drosophila host. Our study thus showcases a possible intermediate in this arm race in which the host is adapting to over-activated transposons while maintaining genome stability. Our results suggest that the collapse of such a relationship might only occur when the selfish element acquires the ability to target non-telomeric regions of the genome. HipHop is likely part of this machinery restricting the elements to the gene-poor region of telomeres. Lastly, our hiphop mutation behaves as a recessive suppressor of PEV that is mediated by centric heterochromatin, suggesting its broader effect on chromatin not limited to telomeres.