BRS1 mediates plant redox regulation and cold responses

Background Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 suppressor 1 (BRS1) is a serine carboxypeptidase that mediates brassinosteroid signaling and participates in multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about the precise role of BRS1 in this context. Results In this study, we analyzed transcriptional and proteomic profiles of Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing BRS1 and found that this gene was involved in both cold stress responses and redox regulation. Further proteomic evidence showed that BRS1 regulated cell redox by indirectly interacting with cytosolic NADP + -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH). One novel alternative splice form of BRS1 was identified in over-expression mutants brs1-1D, which may confer a new role in plant development and stress responses. Conclusions This study highlights the role of BRS1 in plant redox regulation and stress responses, which extends our understanding of extracellular serine carboxypeptidases.

Alternative Splicing and Cleavage of GLUT8

ABSTRACTThe GLUT (SLC2) family of membrane-associated transporters are described as glucose transporters. However, this family is divided into three classes and, though the regulated transporter activity of class I proteins is becoming better understood, class III protein functions continue to be obscure. We have cataloged the relative expression and splicing of SLC2 mRNA isomers in tumors and normal tissues, with a focus on breast tumors and cell lines. mRNA for the class III protein GLUT8 is the predominant SLC2 species expressed alongside GLUT1 in many tissues, but GLUT8 mRNA exists mostly as an untranslated splice form in tumors. We confirm that GLUT8 is not presented at the cell surface and does not transport glucose directly. However, we reveal a lysosome-dependent reaction that cleaves the GLUT8 protein and releases the carboxy-terminal peptide to a separate vesicle population. Given the localization of GLUT8 at a major metabolic hub (the late endosomal/lysosomal interface) and its regulated cleavage reaction, we evaluated TXNIP-mediated hexosamine homeostasis and speculate that GLUT8 may function as a sensory component of this reaction.

Regulation of FLIP(L) and TRAIL-R2 signalling by the SCFSkp2 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

Depending on its expression levels, the long splice form of the pseudo-caspase FLIP (FLIP(L)) can act as an inhibitor (high expression) or activator (low expression) of apoptosis induction by the TRAIL-R2 death-inducing signalling complex (DISC); its expression levels are therefore tightly regulated. Here, we demonstrate that the Skp1-Cullin-1-F-box (SCF) Cullin-Ring E3 Ubiquitin Ligase complex containing Skp2 (SCFSkp2) regulates the stability of FLIP(L) (but not the short splice form FLIP(S)), and, unusually, this is mediated by direct binding of FLIP(L) to Cullin-1 rather than via Skp2. By fine mapping the interaction of FLIP(L) with Cullin-1 to the large subunit of its pseudo-caspase domain, we found that the interaction is significantly stronger with FLIP(L)’s DISC-processed p43-form. Importantly, this interaction disrupts the ability of p43-FLIP to interact with FADD, caspase-8 and another DISC component, TRAF2. Moreover, we find that SCFSkp2 associates with TRAIL-R2 constitutively and does so independently of FLIP(L) and other canonical DISC components. Inhibition of Cullin-1 expression (using siRNA) or activity (using a NEDDylation inhibitor, MLN4924) enhanced FLIP(L) and TRAF2 levels at the TRAIL-R2 DISC and enhanced caspase-8 processing. This suggests that processing of FLIP(L) to p43-FLIP at the TRAIL-R2 DISC enhances its interaction with co-localised SCFSkp2, leading to disruption of p43-FLIP’s association with the DISC thereby altering caspase-8 processing. These findings provide important new insights into how FLIP(L) expression and TRAIL-R2 signaling is controlled.

Histamine signaling via the metabotropic receptor Trapped in endoderm 1 regulates courtship initiation in Drosophila melanogaster

Understanding the role of genes in directing behavior is one of the primary goals of neuroscience. Mating behavior in Drosophila is controlled by male-specific splicing of the master regulatory gene fruitless (fru), and the male-specific splice form, fruM, is both necessary and sufficient for all aspects of the courtship ritual. We have previously described the role of Trapped in endoderm 1 (Tre1) in courtship behavior. Tre1 encodes an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is essential for normal courtship behavior in male flies. We previously found that feminizing Tre1-expressing cells in males via expression of the female-specific splicing factor Transformer (TraF) resulted in rapid courtship initiation. Here we confirm that Tre1 is required in neurons for normal courtship behavior, and present genetic evidence that Tre1 acts through the downregulation of the E-cadherin Shotgun, and that the neurotransmitter histamine is the likely Tre1 ligand. Our findings are the first evidence for metabotropic histamine receptors in Drosophila, and the first to demonstrate a role for histamine in courtship.

PERAN PEMUDA SEBAGAI PENERUS TRADISI SAMBATAN DALAM RANGKA PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER GOTONG ROYONG

Currently youth behavior that is inconsistent with the character of the nation and the declining youth awareness of the splice. This study aims to obtain a picture of the implementation of mutual cooperation, shape, splice conservation efforts, associated with the formation of the youth character and know the community efforts to increase the appreciation of youth. The study used a qualitative approach, descriptive methods. Subjects were young, village, and community leaders. Data collection technique used observation, interview, and documentation study. Data were analyzed using data reduction, and conclusion. Results of the research is the role of youth as the next generation of tradition, study and understand the traditions, accompany the next generation in the process of understanding, implementation, and evaluation. The role of youth in the splice should be improved as a form of community service. Splice form is "sinoman", "ngecor", recitals, help-aids at the funeral home, and community service. Splice as a medium that can build youth paradigm of mutual cooperation. Community efforts to increase the appreciation of youth by creating a modern activity, understand youth with psychological condition, and creating entrepreneurship training.Keywords: youth, splice tradition, mutual cooperation, character.