Assessment of ERA-Interim Reanalysis Data Quality for the Caspian Sea Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 650-657
Author(s):  
G. S. Dyakonov ◽  
R. A. Ibrayev ◽  
P. O. Shishkova
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Sea Area

scholarly journals OFFERINGS OF HUNNIC-TYPE ARTIFACTS IN STONE ENCLOSURES AT ALTYNKAZGAN, THE EASTERN CASPIAN REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
A. E. Astafyev ◽  
E. S. Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
The Third ◽  
Area North ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Mangyshlak Peninsula

In 2014–2015, nine enclosures built of stone slabs were excavated at Altynkazgan on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Republic of Kazakhstan. Inside them, remains of offering ceremonies were found: vessels dug into the ground, altars made of limestone blocks, and pits for offerings. In one of these, we found a richly decorated bridle, in another, a belt set of inlaid golden plaques, and in the third, remains of a saddle (silver plates and other items). The entire assemblage has numerous parallels among the 5th and 6th century fi nds from the northern Black Sea area, North Caucasus, and the Volga basin. Ritual burial of a “golden” belt, a bridle, and a ceremonial saddle indicate an advanced cult that included offerings of prestigious belongings of a horseman. These rituals were introduced by Iranian-speaking nomads who had migrated to the eastern Caspian region during the Hunnic raids to Iran in the 5th century. At that time, owing to the regressive phase of the Caspian Sea, the semi-desert northern Caspian coast was connected with Mangyshlak by a land bridge. Our hypotheses are supported by both historical records and modern geomorphological studies of the Caspian Sea.

scholarly journals Impact of the European Russia drought in 2010 on the Caspian Sea level

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Arpe ◽  
S. A. G. Leroy ◽  
H. Lahijani ◽  
V. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Volga River ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The hydrological budgets of the Volga basin (VB) and the Caspian Sea (CS) have been analysed. The components of the water balance for the CS were calculated for the period 1993 to 2010 with emphasis on summer 2010 when a severe drought developed over European Russia. A drop in precipitation over the VB in July 2010 occurs simultaneously with a decrease in evaporation for the same area, an increase of evaporation over the CS itself and a drop of the Caspian Sea level (CSL). The drop in the precipitation over the VB cannot lead to an instantaneous drop of the CSL because the precipitated water needs some months to reach the CS. The delay is estimated here to be 1 to 3 months for excessive precipitation in summer, longer for deficient precipitation and for winter cases. However, the evaporation over the CS itself is considered to be responsible for a simultaneous drop of the CSL from July to September 2010. The impact on the CSL from the precipitation deficit over the VB occurs in the months following the drought. The water deficit from July to September 2010 calculated from the anomalous precipitation minus evaporation over the VB would decrease the CSL by 22 cm, of which only 2 cm had been observed until the end of September (observed Volga River discharge anomaly). So the remaining drop of 20 cm can be expected in the months to follow if no other anomalies happen. In previous studies the precipitation over the VB has been identified as the main cause for CSL changes, but here from a 10 cm drop from beginning of July to end of September, 6 cm can be directly assigned to the enhanced evaporation over the CS itself and 2 cm due to reduced precipitation over the CS. Further periods with strong changes of the CSL are also investigated, which provide some estimates concerning the accuracy of the analysis data. The investigation was possible due to the new ECMWF interim reanalysis data which are used to provide data also for sensitive quantities like surface evaporation and precipitation. The comparison with independent data and the consistency between such data for calculating the water budget over the CS gives a high confidence in the quality of the data used. This investigation provides some scope for making forecasts of the CSL few months ahead to allow for mitigating societal impacts.

scholarly journals Modelling the temporal and spatial wind energy trend in the Caspian Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Rahime ◽  
Mehdi Gholamalifard ◽  
Akbar Rashidi Ebrahim Hesari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sea Area

Abstract The oceans and seas have huge areas of the planet. The ecosystem services that can be obtained from these resources are very diverse and with potential one of these sources is wind power. As a result, the Caspian Sea is widespread with a fragile ecosystem. Which seems to be the right choice for the development of this industry. Therefore, for modeling the wind energy of the Caspian Sea, the data from the ERA-Intrem for 1980 to 2015 combined with QuickScat and RapidScat remote sensing data. The modeling results showed a power density of 173 W/m2, concentration density in the series process showed that 67% of the Caspian Sea area has a decreasing trend, the rate of this sea change for the entire period from 1980 to 2015 was 2.1 W/m2. These changes in the northern part of the Caspian Sea have a higher rate than other parts. The sea is affected by climate change.

scholarly journals Geopolitics of Natural Gas Supply in Europe – Poland between the EU and Russia

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Szul
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
South Stream ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Gas Supply ◽  
The Eu

The article analyses possible interests, attitudes and activities of the major actors in the ‘natural gas supply game’ in Europe after 1990: Russia/Gazprom, alternative suppliers like countries in the Caspian Sea area, the main consumers of gas and transit countries. It stresses that behaviour of the actors depends on the changing international political and economic situation and conditions in individual countries. Special attention is paid to pipeline projects: Nord Stream, South Stream and Nabucco, and reactions to them, such as building a LGN terminal at Świnoujście (Poland), North-South (Baltic-Adriatic) energy corridor and the Polish-Russian gas contract of 2010.

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