TurkStream as Russia’s Last Step in Diversification: A Win-Win Approach

This article discusses why Russia replaced the South Stream project with the TurkStream by changing its route and name, and why Turkey is involved in a project on the North-South line although it plays a vital role in the Trans-Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) project in the southern gas corridor. The article first examines the Russia-Ukraine natural gas crisis. It then moves to analyze the reasons behind Russia’s changing of the name and the route of the South Stream project. After exploring Turkey’s involvement in the project, the article concludes by arguing that both countries adopted a win-win approach toward the project that Russia has gained a significant tariff advantage and freedom from the EU third-party-access rule. The article claims that although both Russia and Turkey have different perspectives on some issues in international politics, they can develop their cooperation with a win-win approach in the TurkStream project.

Nabucco unášený Jižním proudem: Byla sekuritizace ruského plynovodu úspěšná?

Cílem tohoto článku je zjistit, nakolik byla sekuritizace ruského plynovodu South Stream ze strany Evropské komise úspěšná. Komise chtěla, aby se dotčené členské země EU vzdaly plynovodu South Stream a podpořily konkurenční plynovod Nabucco. Diskurzivní analýza ukázala, že všechny zúčastněné země uznaly bezpečnost dodávek coby referenční objekt. Neakceptovaly však opatření nabízená Evropskou komisí, a sice přijetí nadnárodního přístupu k energetické bezpečnosti a úpravu již uzavřených mezivládních dohod s Ruskem. Místo toho tyto členské státy přišly s alternativním diskurzem, jímž se sekuritizaci aktivně bránily. Evropská komise dokázala projekt plynovodu South Stream zablokovat až po přímém, nediskurzivním zásahu proti Bulharsku, které po zahájení řízení o porušení práva projekt formálně pozastavilo. Zúčastněné země tento zásah akceptovaly, ale nesouhlasily s ním.

The Hellenistic period construction from the excavations of « The Estate «Vinogradnik» in 2015

The article is devoted to the results of security and rescue studies conducted in 2015 by the expedition of NAO «NASLEDIE KUBANI» on the settlement of Hellenistic time of «The Estate «Vinogradnik» in the zone of the Hellenistic time construction of the coastal section of the gas pipeline « South stream», to the south of Varvarovka village in the resort city of Anapa, Krasnodar Territory. In 2015 the remains of buildings buried in the ground space and well-preserved stone walls were discovered during the excavation of site II with the area of 133 sq. m. Two rooms with a revealed well - remained hearth were traced in total. Judging by findings, the investigated building complex can be carried to the III – second half of the II century BC. The results of the work of 2015 confirm the earlier assumption about the belonging of the monument to the rural settlements of the agricultural neighborhood Gorgippyia.

Serbian gas sector in the spotlight of oil and gas agreement with Russia

The Russian natural gas industry is the world's largest producer and transporter of natural gas. This paper identifies the benefits for Serbia as transient country to European Union for Russian natural gas through South Stream gas-line in the current political context of implementation of gas agreement. On the other hand, according to the Agreement on Stabilization and Integration to European Union, Serbia is obligatory to implement reforms in energy sector and its energy policy must be in accordance with the European Union policy. Republic of Serbia has produced and consumed natural gas domestically since 1952, but has always been net importer. Strategy of Energy Development in Serbia and especially, National Action Plan for the gasification on the territory of Republic of Serbia dedicated special attention to gas economy development in respect with expected contribution in efficient energy use and environmental policy protection in the country.

Kepentingan Rusia dalam Proyek Pembangunan Pipa Gas Turkish Stream tahun 2014-2016

This paper aims to analyze Rusia�s interest in the development of Turkish Stream Project in 2014 until 2016. Energy is the most notable sector for Russia that can affect the economy-politics. From economy side, energy exports are largely included in state revenues. Politically, energy is a top priority in every political agenda and foreign policy. Energy is one of determining Russia�s foreign policy toward its energy importing countries. EU is a region that has dependence on Russian energy, especially natural gas. Therefore Russia sees EU as a great opportunity and wants to dominate European�s energy market. So the South Stream project was formed which would deliver Russian natural gas directly to Europe via the Black Sea. This is one of Russia�s step to maintain the EU�s dependence on Russia and dominating energy market. Unfortunately, this project must be stalled due to the Third Energy Package policy implemented by EU. Russia, with its ambition to dominate the European energy market, has had an alternative project to achieve that ambition. The Turkish Stream project was formed in cooperation between Russia dan Turkey. The project planned not only deliver Russian natural gas to Turkey but also Europe via Greece. Although the negotiations and deliberations of this project were delayed, the project was finally continued.Keywords : Energy, National Interest, Third Energy Package, European Union , Russia.AbstrakArtikel ini hendak menganalisa kepentingan Rusia dalam pembangunan proyek �Turkish Stream�. Energi adalah sektor yang paling menonjol bagi Rusia yang dapat mempengaruhi ekonomi-politik. Dari sisi ekonomi, ekspor energi sebagian besar masuk dalam penerimaan negara. Secara politis, energi merupakan prioritas utama dalam setiap agenda politik dan kebijakan luar negeri. Energi adalah salah satu penentu kebijakan luar negeri Rusia terhadap negara pengimpor energinya. UE adalah wilayah yang memiliki ketergantungan terhadap energi Rusia, terutama gas alam. Oleh karena itu Rusia melihat Uni Eropa sebagai peluang yang bagus dan ingin mendominasi pasar energi Eropa. Proyek South Stream yang dibentuk ini akan mengantarkan gas alam Rusia langsung ke Eropa melalui Laut Hitam. Hal ini adalah salah satu langkah Rusia untuk menjaga ketergantungan Uni Eropa terhadap Rusia dan mendominasi pasar energi. Sayangnya, proyek ini harus macet karena kebijakan Third Energy Package yang diimplementasikan oleh UE. Rusia, dengan ambisinya mendominasi pasar energi Eropa, telah memiliki proyek alternatif untuk mencapai ambisi tersebut. Proyek Turkish Stream dibentuk atas kerjasama antara Rusia dan Turki. Proyek ini direncanakan tidak hanya mengantarkan gas alam Rusia ke Turki tapi juga Eropa via Yunani. Meski negosiasi dan pembahasan proyek ini tertunda, proyek tersebut akhirnya dilanjutkan.Kata-kata Kunci: Energi, Kepentingan Nasional, Third Energy Package, Uni Eropa, Rusia.

''SOUTH STREAM'' AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC AND ENERGY STABILITY OF THE BALKANS

В статье рассматривается значение реализации проекта«Южный поток» для Европы в целом и стран Балканского региона, в частно-сти. Данный проект направлен на укрепление энергетической безопасностиевропейского континента в рамках стратегии по диверсификации маршру-тов поставок газа. В последнее время реализация проекта ставится под угро-зу, а возникающие проблемы носят скорее политический, нежели экономиче-ский характер. Тем не менее, реальные альтернативы «Южному потоку» вближайшем будущем вряд ли появятся, а российский проект, призванный пре-вратить Балканы в энергетический центр Европы, все же будет реализован.

Development and Industrial Applying on Rolling Mill 5000 of the Model of Austenite Grain Size Evolution in Nb-Microalloyed Steels

In this research evolution of austenite grain size in Nb-microalloyed steels X65÷X120 grades during slab reheating and roughing rolling was studied. A mathematical model has been development to obtain the target temperature and soaking time in furnace, which ensure a uniform austenite structure and maximum possible dissolution of the carbonitride particles prior to roughing rolling. The Hot Rolling Recrystallization Model (HRRM) has also development to predict the austenite microstructure evolution during roughing rolling. The model is based on empirical equations and organized following a tree-structure. A validation of the model has been carried out in the laboratory by multipass compression tests. The models jointly have been used to create new strategies of processing technology of rolled plates on rolling mill 5000 for the South Stream pipeline. The industrial application has confirmed a great benefit of the models in point of cold resistance of rolled plates.

Beispiele für Zusammenarbeit und Geschäftsbeziehungen Zwischen… Energieunternehmen aus Österreich und Deutschland in den Jahren 2008–2013

Dieser Artikel stellt die Wechselwirkungsenergie-Unternehmen aus Deutschland und Österreich in der Zeit der Finanzkrise dar. Dazu gehören Unternehmen wie die Verbund AG, EVN und ÖMV. Österreichische Energieunternehmen in Deutschland sind wichtige Akteure auf dem lokalen Energiemarkt. Dank entsprechender Technologie- und Business-Erfahrung können diese Unternehmen mit den deutschen Riesen, wie z.B. mit E.ON kooperieren. Als Beispiel kann der Bau von Wasserkraftanlagen in Bayern fungieren. Im Gegenzug geht der Ölkonzern ÖMV die Partnerschaft mit RWE im Bau von Gasleitungen ein. Zunächst wird die Nabucco-Gas-Pipeline gebaut, derzeit die South-Stream-Pipeline.