scholarly journals Carotid body, adrenal medulla and Zuckerkandl organ as an integrated sympathoadrenal system in human prenatal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Otlyga ◽  
◽  
O.A. Junemann ◽  
E.G. Tsvetkova ◽  
A.S. Kharlamova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Sympathoadrenal System ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

Fine Structure of Carotid Body: Normal and Anoxic Cats

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Fadhil Al-Lami ◽  
R.G. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Glomus Cells ◽  
Sustentacular Cells ◽  
Carotid Bodies

Although the fine structure of the carotid body has been described in several recent reports, uncertainties remain, and the morphological effects of anoxia on the carotid body cells of the cat have never been reported. We have, therefore, studied the fine structure of the carotid body both in normal and severely anoxic cats, and to test the specificity of the effects, have compared them with the effects on adrenal medulla, kidney, and liver of the same animals. Carotid bodies of 50 normal and 15 severely anoxic cats (9% oxygen in nitrogen) were studied. Glutaraldehyde followed by OsO4 fixations, Epon 812 embedding, and uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining, were the technics employed.We have called the two types of glomus cells enclosed and enclosing cells. They correspond to those previously designated as chemoreceptor and sustentacular cells respectively (1). The enclosed cells forming the vast majority, are irregular in shape with many processes and occasional peripheral densities (Fig. 1).

scholarly journals Graphic and movie illustrations of human prenatal development and their application to embryological education based on the human embryo specimens in the Kyoto collection

2006 ◽  
Vol 235 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehito Yamada ◽  
Chigako Uwabe ◽  
Tomoko Nakatsu-Komatsu ◽  
Yutaka Minekura ◽  
Masaji Iwakura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

Adrenal Medulla Chemo Sensitivity Does Not Compensate the Lack of Hypoxia Driven Carotid Body Chemo Reflex in Guinea Pigs

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Elena Olea ◽  
Elvira Gonzalez-Obeso ◽  
Teresa Agapito ◽  
Ana Obeso ◽  
Ricardo Rigual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Guinea Pigs

scholarly journals Epigenetic clocks reveal a rejuvenation event during embryogenesis followed by aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Kerepesi ◽  
Bohan Zhang ◽  
Sang-Goo Lee ◽  
Alexandre Trapp ◽  
Vadim N. Gladyshev
Keyword(s):  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Ground Zero ◽  
August Weismann ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Epigenetic Age ◽  
Human Prenatal Development ◽  
Changes Over Time

The notion that germline cells do not age goes back to the 19th century ideas of August Weismann. However, being in a metabolically active state, they accumulate damage and other age-related changes over time, i.e., they age. For new life to begin in the same young state, they must be rejuvenated in the offspring. Here, we developed a new multi-tissue epigenetic clock and applied it, together with other aging clocks, to track changes in biological age during mouse and human prenatal development. This analysis revealed a significant decrease in biological age, i.e. rejuvenation, during early stages of embryogenesis, followed by an increase in later stages. We further found that pluripotent stem cells do not age even after extensive passaging and that the examined epigenetic age dynamics is conserved across species. Overall, this study uncovers a natural rejuvenation event during embryogenesis and suggests that the minimal biological age (the ground zero) marks the beginning of organismal aging.

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a Potential Key Factor for Human Prenatal Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 201 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Cizkova ◽  
Aneta Rajdova ◽  
Jiri Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Intrauterine Development ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Human Prenatal Development ◽  
Temporal Expression Pattern

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts highly active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) generated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases from arachidonic acid to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Because of the role of EETs in processes potentially relevant to the development of organisms, EETs could be suggested as potential morphogens. Unfortunately, only little is known about sEH expression during human intrauterine development (IUD). We investigated the spatio-temporal expression pattern of sEH in human embryonic/foetal intestines, liver and kidney from the 6th to the 20th week of IUD by two-step immunohistochemistry. sEH was expressed during the whole tested period of prenatal development and its level of expression remained more or less the same during the estimated period of IUD. Distribution of CYP epoxygenases and sEH in the intestinal epithelium and the nephrogenic zone of the kidney suggests an influence of EETs on cell proliferation and differentiation and, consequently, on the development of intestines and kidney. Thus, alterations in the strict spatio-temporal pattern of expression of CYP epoxygenases and/or sEH during human prenatal development by xenobiotics could have a harmful impact for developing organisms.

Abnormal regulation of the sympathoadrenal system in deoxycorticosterone acetate – salt hypertensive rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1605-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Champlain ◽  
M. Bouvier ◽  
G. Drolet
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Carotid Occlusion ◽  
Sympathoadrenal System ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Functional Balance ◽  
Bilateral Carotid ◽  
Β Receptor ◽  
Conscious Animals

With the use of circulating norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels, the sympathoadrenal activity as well as its local modulation by adrenoceptors were studied in normotensive (NT) and DOCA–salt hypertensive (HT) rats. In anesthetized hypertensive rats, plasma NE levels were higher, whereas in conscious animals both NE and E levels were found to be increased, suggesting an increased basal sympathoadrenal tone in these animals. The finding of a close correlation between blood pressure levels and NE levels suggests that the elevation of blood pressure may be linked to sympathetic system activity in this experimental model of hypertension. The reactivity of the sympathoadrenal system was also found to be increased in DOCA HT rats. Following a bilateral carotid occlusion of 1 min, which specifically activates the adrenal medulla, the elevation of E levels was found to be potentiated in intact or vagotomized HT rats. Moreover, in response to prolonged or acute hypotension in anesthetized and conscious animals, the elevation in plasma NE and E levels was found to be markedly potentiated in DOCA HT rats. The local modulating adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms of the sympathoadrenal system appeared to be altered in this model of hypertension. Although it was possible to demonstrate that the E response to carotid occlusion can be greatly potentiated by administration of an α2-antagonist (yohimbine) and completely abolished by an α2-agonist (clonidine) in NT rats, the E response was found to be unaffected by the same treatments in HT rats, suggesting a reduced sensitivity in the α2-mediated inhibitory modulation of the adrenal medulla. Moreover, the acute treatment with a β-blocker (sotalol) lowered circulating NE levels and blood pressure only in HT rats, suggesting the possibility of a more sensitive β-receptor-mediated presynaptic facilitatory mechanism on sympathetic fibers of these animals. Finally, it was observed that the functional balance which exists between the activities of sympathetic fibers and the adrenal medulla in normotensive animals appears to be impaired in DOCA HT rats. In conclusion, the present studies suggest that the increased sympathoadrenal tone and reactivity may be due, in part, to a variety of dysfunctions in local adrenoceptor modulatory mechanisms of the sympathoadrenal system in DOCA hypertensive rats.

scholarly journals Sex Determination Using RNA-Sequencing Analyses in Early Prenatal Pig Development

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Susana A. Teixeira ◽  
Adriana M. G. Ibelli ◽  
Maurício E. Cantão ◽  
Haniel C. de Oliveira ◽  
Mônica C. Ledur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Relevant Factor ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Human Prenatal Development

Sexual dimorphism is a relevant factor in animal science, since it can affect the gene expression of economically important traits. Eventually, the interest in the prenatal phase in a transcriptome study may not comprise the period of development in which male and female conceptuses are phenotypically divergent. Therefore, it would be interesting if sex differentiation could be performed using transcriptome data, with no need for extra techniques. In this study, the sex of pig conceptuses (embryos at 25 days-old and fetuses at 35 days-old) was determined by reads counts per million (CPM) of Y chromosome-linked genes that were discrepant among samples. Thus, ten genes were used: DDX3Y, KDM5D, ZFY, EIF2S3Y, EIF1AY, LOC110255320, LOC110257894, LOC396706, LOC100625207, and LOC110255257. Conceptuses that presented reads CPM sum for these genes (ΣCPMchrY) greater than 400 were classified as males and those with ΣCPMchrY below 2 were classified as females. It was demonstrated that the sex identification can be performed at early stages of pig development from RNA-sequencing analysis of genes mapped on Y chromosome. Additionally, these results reinforce that sex determination is a mechanism conserved across mammals, highlighting the importance of using pigs as an animal model to study sex determination during human prenatal development.

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