scholarly journals Revising the Critical Gaze: An Inversion of Criminological Theories to Center Race, Racism, and Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Henson ◽  
Ajima Olaghere ◽  
Thuy-Trinh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Environmental Adaptation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Adaptation Theory ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
Racial Ethnic

<p>We offer a method to invert and redefine three predominant criminological theories from deficit-based to strength-based theories of crime. Using a nine-step protocol, we devised procedures on how to perform theoretical inversions, which include critically assessing the original framework of an identified theory, assuming an opposite frame, listing the original propositions, and applying an opposing frame to revise the original theory’s proposition. Our inversion method produced punitive provocation theory, critical environmental adaptation theory, and socio-structural induction theory, as theoretical inversions of deterrence, social disorganization, and self-control theories. We suggest different measurement options for these new inverted theories, including a focus on the structural antecedents of crime such as racial/ethnic discrimination, exclusion, surveillance practices, and divestment from communities. To ameliorate under-theorizing and create a more equitable and less harmful society, we urge theorists, researchers, and practitioners to adopt a more inclusive, critical, and reflexive approach to understanding human behavior.</p>

Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among young adult college students: Prevalence rates and associations with mental health

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Bravo ◽  
Emma Wedell ◽  
Margo C. Villarosa-Hurlocker ◽  
Alison Looby ◽  
Cheryl L. Dickter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
College Students ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Adult College Students ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Perceptions from Hispanic Names: Selecting Names to Test for Discrimination

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311773719 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Michael Gaddis
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Hispanic Ethnicity ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Researchers increasingly use correspondence audit studies to study racial/ethnic discrimination in employment, housing, and other domains. Although this method provides strong causal evidence of racial/ethnic discrimination, these claims depend on the signal being clearly conveyed through names. Few studies have pretested individual racial and ethnic perceptions of the names used to examine discrimination. The author conducts a survey experiment in which respondents are asked to identify the races or ethnicities they associate with a series of names. Respondents are provided with combinations of Hispanic and Anglo first and last names. Hispanic first names paired with Anglo last names are least likely to be recognized as Hispanic, while all versions of Hispanic first and last names are highly recognized (≥90 percent). The results suggest that researchers must use caution when trying to signal Hispanic ethnicity in experiments, and prior findings from correspondence audits may be biased from poor signals.

scholarly journals Unfair Treatment, Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Smoking Among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Chae ◽  
David T. Takeuchi ◽  
Elizabeth M. Barbeau ◽  
Gary G. Bennett ◽  
Jane Lindsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Americans ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
American Study ◽  
Unfair Treatment ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals A longitudinal examination of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, public ethnic regard, and depressive symptoms in Latino youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Livas Stein ◽  
Laura Taylor ◽  
Andrea Kulish ◽  
Laura McLaughlin Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Latino Youth ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Longitudinal Examination ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Do as I Say, Not as I Do? Examining Possible Individual-Level Moderators in the Relationship Between Criminal Attitudes and Offending

2021 ◽  
pp. 009385482110389
Author(s):  
Cashen M. Boccio
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Delinquent Behavior ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research Studies

Several criminological theories and numerous research studies suggest that criminal attitudes are related to delinquency and criminal behavior. In contrast, there is also an emerging body of literature that suggests that the behavior of many individuals is not consistent with their attitudes. This study addresses this contradiction in the literature by examining two possible individual-level moderators (i.e., self-control and depressive symptoms) that may explain why some adolescents may be involved in delinquent behavior when they report having attitudes disapproving of delinquency. The findings reveal that attitudes disapproving of delinquency are negatively associated with delinquent involvement; however, many respondents with attitudes of disapproving of delinquency still engaged in delinquent behavior. In addition, the findings suggest that self-control and depressive symptoms may moderate the association between attitudes disapproving of delinquency and delinquent involvement.

Understanding the “How” and “Why” Aspects of Racial-Ethnic Discrimination: A Multimethod Approach to Audit Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Michael Gaddis
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Researchers have used audit studies to provide causal evidence of racial discrimination for nearly 60 years. Although audits are an excellent methodological tool to investigate the “what,” “where,” and “when” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination, audits are less appropriate, by themselves, to investigate the “how” and “why” aspects of racial-ethnic discrimination. In this article, I review why audit studies are necessary to study racial-ethnic discrimination, the evidence from audit studies, and their limitations. I then argue that scholars should adopt a multimethod approach to audit studies to move from documenting the existence of racial-ethnic discrimination to examining how and why racial-ethnic discrimination occurs. Adoption of this multimethod approach will result in a deeper understanding of racial-ethnic discrimination with the potential to shape both opinions and policy surrounding discrimination.

scholarly journals Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Predicts Worse Global Cognition in a Diverse Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1266-1266
Author(s):  
E Morris ◽  
V Guzman ◽  
E Tell ◽  
A C Summers ◽  
U S Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Objective While perceived racial/ethnic discrimination (PD) and HIV can be independently detrimental to cognitive function, it is unclear whether persons living with HIV (PLWH) who experience PD may be at risk for greater cognitive dysfunction than HIV- persons. In a diverse sample, we hypothesized that PD would be related to worse cognition and that this effect would be moderated by HIV status. Participants and Method This cross-sectional study included 53 participants (57% PLWH; 77% African American and 23% Latinx; 45% male; M Age = 54.5 ± 6.1 years; M Education = 12.4 ± 2.2 years) who completed the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ) and a neurocognitive (NC) battery. Variables included education (years); HIV status; PEDQ Total Score and global NC T-score (averaged, demographically-corrected T-scores for all tests). A general linear model examined main and interaction effects of HIV status and PD on global cognitive function. Covariates included depression and urine toxicology status for cocaine and marijuana. Results Greater PD was associated with higher education and greater depression. The model showed that greater PD (β = -.48, p &lt; .05) and lower education (β = -19.0, p &lt; .01) were related to worse global cognitive function. This relationship was moderated by education (β = .59, p &lt; .01), such that the relationship between PD and global cognitive function was stronger in those with higher education. There was no main effect of HIV or HIV*PD interaction on global cognitive function. Conclusions This study demonstrated that greater PD is related to worse global cognitive function and this relationship is stronger in those with more education. While no causal factors can be attributed, racial/ethnic minorities with higher education may be granted greater access to areas with greater structural racism and/or microagressions (i.e., predominantly white workplaces). Future studies should evaluate the role of socioeconomic and workplace diversity when considering discrimination.

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