scholarly journals Rapid Sand Filter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede H Cahyana
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Bed

Benteng pengolahan air adalah filter. Bahkan IPAM disebut instalasi filtrasi. Filter dapat menghasilkan air yang sangat jernih apalagi kalau dilengkapi dengan unit koagulasi, flokulasi dan sedimentasi. Jantung pengolahan air pada filter adalah medianya (filter bed). Di dalam media inilah terjadi penyisihan kekeruhan dan mikroba. Mekanisme yang terjadi di dalam media RSF adalah straining, sedimentasi, flokulasi, difusi, inersia, intersepsi, hidrodinamika. Semua mekanisme ini terjadi di dalam rongga mikro atau parasitas (perviousness), yaitu rasio volume rongga di dalam media filter terhadap volume kosong bak filter. Parasitas berbeda dengan porositas (porosity). Porositas adalah rongga di dalam butiran media bukan rongga antara butir-butir media filter.

scholarly journals A23 Seasonal abundance of chironomid larvae in slow sand filter bed

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
K. Hirabayashi ◽  
N. Nakamoto ◽  
S. Tanizaki
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Bed

scholarly journals Enhancing the quality of arsenic-contaminated groundwater using a bio-sand filter with iron-mixed clay pellets

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
Borano Te ◽  
Boonchai Wichitsathian ◽  
Chatpet Yossapol ◽  
Watcharapol Wonglertarak
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Influent Water ◽  
Filter Bed ◽  
Clay Pellets ◽  
Flow Head ◽  
Who Guideline

Abstract Many people in Cambodia consume groundwater with arsenic concentrations above the WHO guideline. In this study, an iron-mixed porous pellet adsorbent was put into a lightweight bio-sand filter to treat arsenic. The filter was intermittently charged daily with 30 L influent water until the effluent arsenic concentration exceeded 10 μg/L. The results indicated that the Morrill Dispersion Index was less than 2.0, implying that the filter had preferential plug flow. Head loss accumulation led to flow rate reduction over a period of 30 days. Arsenic removal efficiency was between 97 and 99% for the influent concentration, being in the range 355 to 587 μg/L. No significant leaching of iron or organic carbon was observed. The high dissolved oxygen concentration is likely to have contributed to the aerobic conditions in the filter bed. The filter removed arsenic more efficiently than was achieved in some previous studies and might be suitable to provide household-scale, arsenic-safe drinking water.

Removal of particulates, natural organic matters, and microorganisms in a surface amended slow sand filter

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
H.-B. Jun ◽  
Y.-J. Lee ◽  
S.-S. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Natural Organic Matters ◽  
Filter Bed

Removal characteristics of particulates, natural organic matters, and microorganisms with six slow sand filter units were measured with a diameter of 50 mm and packed with sand to a depth of 50, 150, 300, 600, and two 700 mm, respectively. One of the 700 mm depth filters was amended by covering the surface of the filter bed with a prefilter. The raw water turbidity and pH was in the range of 1.5-2.0 NTU, and 7.0-7.7, respectively. Turbidity in each filter effluent was decreased as the depth of filter medium increased. However, a greater part of influent turbidity was removed within the top layer of the slow sand filters. Turbidity removal in the 700 mm depth filter with prefilter was similar to that without the prefilter, however, the removal of particles smaller than 2 mm was improved with the prefilter. The particles greater than 10 mm could be removed within the upper 50 mm depth in the slow sand filter. A greater fraction of the particles smaller than 2 mm was removed within the upper 50 mm, however, they were also removed in the deeper sand bed. The removal efficiency of DBP precursors represented by DOC and UV-254 absorbance was 9.2-31% and 2-31%, respectively. pH drop in the 50 mm depth filter was 0.12, while that in the 700 mm depth filter was 0.19. The effects of surface treatment with prefilter on UVA and DOC were not apparent.

scholarly journals Point-of-use upflow sand filter for rural water treatment using natural local sand: Understanding and predicting pressure drop

2021 ◽  
Vol 1192 (1) ◽  
pp. 012008
Author(s):  
F Abd Lahin ◽  
R Sarbatly ◽  
C Chel-Ken
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Theoretical Comparison ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Filter Bed

Abstract A simple, small scale upflow sand filter was fabricated using a locally obtained sands at three different rivers in Sabah, Malaysia: Liwagu River (SL), Tamparuli River (ST), and Kaingaran River (SK). The grain size, porosity, bulk density, particle density and sphericity of the sands were characterized to associate with the corresponding pressure drop across the sand bed. The highest pressure drop per unit length for SK, PT, and SL are 15.85 kPa m-1 at 0.747 m s-1 vs, 10.18 kPa m-1 at 0.352 m s-1 vs, and 9.24 kPa m-1 at 0.747 m s-1 vs, respectively. The pressure drop per unit length at different filter bed depth were plotted, and compared against three theoretical models of Ergun, Kozeny-Carman, and Fair and Hatch. By analyzing the experimental-theoretical comparison using RMSE and Chi-Test, prediction of pressure drop in an upflow sand filter is able to be predicted using the Kozeny-Carman equation preceding filter bed fluidization and subsequently Fair and Hatch’s equation after bed is fluidized.

scholarly journals Performance of Sand Filtration System with Different Sand Bed Depth for Polishing Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-456
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Filter Bed

Sand filtration is a polishing type of treatment system that is widely used as an efficient, cost-effective and simple treatment method. The efficiency of sand filtration relies mainly on the capacity of sand bed depth. Different sand bed depth affects the filtration rate and the contaminant removal differently. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of different sand media depth on the removal efficiency of the filtration process. An experimental sand filter with three design modifications of different sand bed depth, 30 cm, 60 cm, and 90 cm, was operated as polishing stage of an effluent from conventional activated sludge process. The highest filtration rate was recorded using sand depth of 30 cm. Higher filter bed depth result in lower filter rate which result in smaller filtrate volume. Highest E. Coli and COD removal, are 95.5% and 52.2%, respectively, recorded using 30 cm sand depth. Meanwhile, highest TSS and turbidity removal are 91.0% and 77.3%, respectively, with sand depth of 90 cm. Highest total coliform and BOD removal are 88.3% and 68.0% respectively by using sand depth of 60 cm. This study demonstrated that the sand filter is more efficient in removing suspended contaminants and coliforms compared to removing dissolved contaminants.

Comparison of the nutrient removal efficiency of onsite wastewater treatments systems: applications of conventional sand filters and sequencing batch reactors (SBR)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vilpas ◽  
E. Santala
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactors ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Nutrient Removal Efficiency ◽  
One Year ◽  
Filter Bed

When domestic wastewater was treated with different onsite applications of buried sand filters and sequencing batch reactors, good organic matter removal was common and effluent BOD7 concentrations from 5 to 20 mg/l were easily achievable. For total nitrogen, effluent concentrations were usually between 20 and 80 mg/l. Good phosphorus removal, even using special adsorption or precipitation materials, was difficult to achieve and large variations occurred. The median effluent concentration of total phosphorus in the most successful sand filter application was less than 0.1 mg/l and other sand filters and SBRs had the median concentrations varying from 1.7 to 6.7 mg/l. These results are based on one year in situ monitoring of 2 conventional buried sand filters, 6 sand filter applications with special phosphorus adsorbing media within the filter bed, 5 sand filters with separate tertiary phosphorus filtration and 11 small SBRs of three different types. The study was carried out in southern Finland during 2003–05. The whole project included monitoring of more than 60 plants of 20 different treatment types or methods, used in normal conditions to treat domestic wastewater. Evaluation of the different systems was made by comparing the measured effluent concentrations. In addition the effluent concentrations were compared to the discharge limits calculated according to the new Finnish regulation.

scholarly journals New hydraulic insights into rapid sand filter bed backwashing using the Carman–Kozeny model

2021 ◽  
pp. 117085
Author(s):  
Onno J.I. Kramer ◽  
Peter J. de Moel ◽  
Johan T. Padding ◽  
Eric T. Baars ◽  
Sam B. Rutten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Bed

scholarly journals Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in aqueous extract of schmutzdecke for clarifying untreated water in water treatment operations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Aboagye ◽  
M.T. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
List Type ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Bed

ABSTRACTAIMSTo determine the effect of aqueous extract of schmutzdecke on adhesion and biofilm formation by three isolates of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) under laboratory conditions.METHODS AND RESULTSStrains of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in aqueous extract of schmutzdecke were subjected to adhesion tests on two topologically different substrata i.e. aluminium and stainless steel coupons. Biofilm formation was then monitored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plates. All the three strains adhered onto both coupons, howbeit greatly on aluminium than stainless steel. In the PVC plates, however, all strains developed biofilms which were observed by spectrophotometric analysis.CONCLUSIONSThe environmental isolates of Map attained higher cell proliferation in both filtered and unfiltered aqueous extracts of schmutzdecke (FAES and UAES respectively) compared with the human isolate. Furthermore, the results showed that irrespective of the media used, Map might have developed biofilm by its genetic competence to do so under favourable conditions that the immediate environment might have provided.Significance and impact of the studyComposites of the schmutzdecke which is the dirty layer formed within 10 to 20 days of operation of a slow sand filter bed had a proliferative effect on Map. Therefore when entrapped, Map could form a biofilm and access human populations through potable water. Therefore, schmutzdecke should be monitored and scraped periodically to curtail its support for environmentally persistent pathogens that can pose health risks to humans.HighlightsSchmutzdecke; a reservoir of nutrient composites atop slow sand filter bedAdhesion by Map on aluminium and stainless steel coupons was achievedMap strains from water sources developed biofilms better than the human strainIn distilled water, biofilm formation by all strains was evidentProtracted build-up of schmutzdecke may proliferate waterborne pathogens

Application of downflow floating medium flocculator/prefilter (DFF) - coarse sand filter (CSF) in nutrient removal

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Ngo ◽  
S. Vigneswaran
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Filter Unit ◽  
Filter Bed ◽  
P Removal

In this study, the applicability and the advantages of the downflow floating medium filter (DFF) in wastewater treatment were examined. The experimental results indicated that the DFF with in-line flocculation addition is a good pretreatment unit to reduce phosphorus load (up to 80-89% removal). The DFF also resulted in uniform filterable-flocs of 32-42 µm throughout the filter run. Thus it can also successfully be used as a flocculator. The backwashing of floating medium was achieved with a small quantity of water and at low backwash velocity. The introduction of floating medium filter bed on top of a coarse sand filter unit (CSF) increased the filter run time and removal efficiency (more than 87 and 94% of NH3-N and T-P removal respectively), particularly at a low filtration rate (5 m3/m2.h).

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