Unit Ultrafiltrasi-Karbon Aktif-Resin Penukar Ion Terintegrasi untuk Pengolahan Air Sumur Menjadi Air Minum

Ketersediaan air sumur yang terbebas dari kontaminan organik dan zat mineral masih menjadi permasalahan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Pada umumnya, air sumur diolah secara fisik dengan menggunakan sand filter dan adsorben (karbon aktif atau zeolit) atau integrasi keduanya. Walaupun prosesnya sederhana, produk air belum memenuhi standar baku mutu air minum. Penelitian ini mengusulkan teknologi terintegrasi ultrafiltrasi berbasis polisulfon (UF), karbon aktif (KA), dan resin penukar ion (Ion Exchange/IE) sebagai alternatif pengolahan air sumur menjadi air baku untuk minum. Membran UF memiliki fluks permeat sebesar 42 L.m-2h-1. Hasil analisa menggunakan model Hermia menunjukkan bahwa fouling yang terbentuk didominasi oleh fouling total dan standard dengan nilai R2 masing-masing sebesar 0.8989 dan 0.8952. Selama 2 (dua) jam proses filtrasi, penurunan fluks permeat sebesar 19%. Berdasarkan data hasil analisa produk air, unit UF-KA mampu menurunkan kesadahan, zat organik, zat besi, dan kontaminan lainnya hingga di bawah nilai ambang batas kontaminan untuk standar baku mutu air minum. Namun konsentrasi senyawa mangan masih sebesar 0,601 mg/L di atas ambang batas standar (0,4 mg/L). Dengan penambahan unit IE setelah proses UF-KA, produk air yang dihasilkan memenuhi standar baku mutu air minum. Penyisihan turbiditas, besi, dan mangan untuk unit UF-KA-IE adalah masing-masing sebesar 95,9%; 99,9%; dan 72,5%.

Effectiveness of combined upflow roughing filter and upflow slow sand filter to reduce turbidity in Citarum water as a source of drinking water

Turbidity of Citarum River was high, fluctuating and used as drinking water source by people and PDAM (Regional Drinking Water Company). The aim of this study was to determine the ability of upflow roughing filter (URF) and upflow slow sand filter (USSF) in reducing turbidity. It was called multistage filtration (MSF). MSF was varied with and without settler. Gravel diameters and perviousness as follows: 0.5 cm was 0.243, 1 cm: 0.264, 2 cm: 0.265, 5 cm: 0.302 or just 24 - 30% of total URF’s volume. When settler was run with surface loading 0.5 m3/m2/hour, flowrate 0.67 l/minute, turbidity 321.16 - 3,496.53 NTU, efficiency was 57.9 - 96.2%. Settler reduced turbidity significantly. URF1 enhanced turbidity removal. However, URF2, URF3, USSF were not effective. In experiment without settler, turbidity was 130.78 - 533.00 NTU but its reduction in URF1 was bad. But in URF2 turbidity was almost the same as in experiment with settler. Efficiency was 41.9 - 89.1%. Here URF1 and URF2’s function were almost the same as settler and URF1. URF3 was ineffective, can be removed. USSF was still needed even though only able to reach 10-25 NTU. URF and USSF contributed to higher efficiency of turbidity removal.

Rapid Sand Filter

Benteng pengolahan air adalah filter. Bahkan IPAM disebut instalasi filtrasi. Filter dapat menghasilkan air yang sangat jernih apalagi kalau dilengkapi dengan unit koagulasi, flokulasi dan sedimentasi. Jantung pengolahan air pada filter adalah medianya (filter bed). Di dalam media inilah terjadi penyisihan kekeruhan dan mikroba. Mekanisme yang terjadi di dalam media RSF adalah straining, sedimentasi, flokulasi, difusi, inersia, intersepsi, hidrodinamika. Semua mekanisme ini terjadi di dalam rongga mikro atau parasitas (perviousness), yaitu rasio volume rongga di dalam media filter terhadap volume kosong bak filter. Parasitas berbeda dengan porositas (porosity). Porositas adalah rongga di dalam butiran media bukan rongga antara butir-butir media filter.

Masalah dan Optimasi Rapid Sand Filter

Rapid Sand Filter is the most popular unit operation in water treatment plant although it has some problems in its operation and maintenance. But this filter is used widely in Indonesia by PDAM, a water company, because of its capability to treat big capacity of water. The crucial problem is backwashing, about the upflow velocity in theoretical and practical aspects.

Combined Artificial Intelligence and Fuzzy logic Model for the process of groundwater treatment for irrigation and drinking purposes using filtration and other membrane process

The process of water purification or water filtration takes several stage approaches. In which, the membrane model process is an important role in filtration. This research work is done by considering double filtration method for filtration process and it is modelled by clustering of Artificial Neural Network and multiple linear regression approach. In this research work, ten different physical parameters and chemical parameters for designing our model. The measurement of groundwater quality for both irrigation and drinking water is a complex process due to various factors such as geology, hydrogeology, biology, etc. With the help of Neural network and fuzzy logic systems approach, we have studied the quality of water in various part of south India. For the process of double filtration process, we have taken rapid sand filter followed by slow sand filter. For the membrane process of water treatment, the membrane chosen for the research are reverse osmosis, microfiltration and nanofiltration.

Broad Dissemination of Plasmids across Groundwater-Fed Rapid Sand Filter Microbiomes

The supply of clean water for human consumption is being challenged by the appearance of anthropogenic pollutants in groundwater ecosystems. Because many plasmids can transfer horizontally between members of bacterial communities, they comprise promising vectors for the dissemination of pollutant-degrading genetic determinants within water purification plants.

In-process tests of river water conditioning for domestic and drinking water supply in the city of Kurgan

Рассматривается опыт применения озонирования речной воды в лабораторных и пилотных масштабах. Вода реки Тобол – жесткая минерализованная со средними значениями цветности 24 град, содержанием марганца в зимний период более 0,8 мг/дм3. После определения рабочих доз реагентов (коагулянт гидроксохлорид алюминия, флокулянт Praestol 650TR) проводилось пробное озонирование с последующей реагентной обработкой на лабораторном флокуляторе. Для достижения норматива по содержанию марганца в речной воде 0,1 мг/дм3 потребовались высокие дозы озона – от 35 мг/дм3. Подщелачивание исходной воды до рН 9 позволило снизить дозу озона до 23 мг/дм3. Снижение цветности до 15 град происходит при дозах озона 6–7 мг/дм3. Очистка речной воды на пилотной установке производительностью 50 л/ч проводилась по полной технологической схеме (озонирование, обработка коагулянтом и флокулянтом, отстаивание, фильтрование через песчаный фильтр, фильтрование через угольный фильтр, опреснение-умягчение обратным осмосом). Доза коагулянта составляла 5 мг/дм3, флокулянта – 0,3 мг/дм3. В стационарном режиме работы пилотной установки при дозе озона 25 мг/дм3 были достигнуты следующие показатели качества фильтрата песчаного фильтра: цветность 5–7 град; марганец 0,05–0,15 мг/дм3; железо общее 0,02–0,03 мг/дм3; алюминий 0,05–0,08 мг/дм3; перманганатная окисляемость 3–4 мг/дм3. Исходя из расчетных показателей состава воды р. Тобол, для концентрации марганца в воде 0,8 мг/дм3теоретическая доза озона составляет ≈ 8 мг/дм3, проектная доза озона может быть принята 10 мг/дм3 (г/м3). The experience of using ozonation of river water on a laboratory and pilot scale is considered. The water of the Tobol River is hard and mineralized with an average color value of 24 degrees, a manganese concentration in the winter period of more than 0.8 mg/dm3. After determining the operational doses of the chemicals (polyaluminum chloride coagulant, Praestol 650TR flocculant), test ozonation was carried out followed by the chemical treatment in a laboratory flocculator. To achieve the standard for manganese concentration in river water of 0.1 mg/dm3, high doses of ozone were required – from 35 mg/dm3. Alkalinization of the initial water to pH 9 provided for reducing the ozone dose to 23 mg/dm3. A decrease in color to 15 degrees occurred at ozone doses of 6–7 mg/dm3. River water purification at a pilot plant with a capacity of 50 l/h was carried out according to the complete process flow scheme (ozonation, treatment with coagulant and flocculant, sedimentation, filtration in a sand filter, filtration in a carbon filter, desalination-softening by reverse osmosis). The coagulant dose was 5 mg/dm3, and that of the flocculant – 0.3 mg/dm3. In the steady run of the pilot plant at an ozone dose of 25 mg/dm3, the following quality indicators of the sand filter filtrate were achieved: color 5–7 degrees; manganese 0.05–0.15 mg/dm3; total iron 0.02–0.03 mg/dm3; aluminum 0.05–0.08 mg/dm3; permanganate index 3–4 mg/dm3. Based on the estimate indicators of the Tobol River water composition related to the manganese concentration in water of 0.8 mg/dm3, the theoretic dose of ozone is ≈ 8 mg/dm3, the design dose of ozone can be assumed as 10 mg/dm3 (g/m3).