scholarly journals The Role of Trait Inferences in Evaluative Conditioning

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Moran ◽  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Valenced Stimulus

Evaluative Conditioning (EC) effect is a change in evaluative responding to a neutral stimulus (CS) due to its pairing with a valenced stimulus (US). Traditionally, EC effects are viewed as fundamentally different from per-suasion effects. Inspired by a propositional perspective to EC, four studies (N = 1,284) tested if, like persuasion effects, EC effects can also be driven by trait inferences. Experiments 1-2 found that promoting trait inferences (by pairing people with trait words rather than nouns) increased EC effects. Experiments 3-4 found that under-mining trait inferences (by questioning the validity of those inferences) decreased EC effects. In all experiments, however, EC effects were still significant when trait inferences were invalid. Taken together, our findings (a) suggest that trait inferences can play an important role in EC effects, (b) constrain theoretical models of EC, and (c) have important implications for applied EC interventions.

Changing prejudice with evaluative conditioning

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Balas ◽  
Joanna Sweklej
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mood Changes ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Stigmatized Groups ◽  
Valenced Stimulus

Abstract The presented study investigates attitude change using a cross-modal evaluative conditioning (EC) paradigm. EC is a change in evaluative responses towards initially neutral stimulus (CS) due to its repeated pairing with affectively valenced stimulus (US). A positive scent of instant chocolate (US+) was used together with pictures of homeless people (US-) to change affective responses towards neutral names (CS). We show that a classic EC effect, i.e. more negative CS evaluations after its pairing with negative images of the homeless, can be eliminated when a competitive US, i.e. a positive chocolate scent, is present in the environment. Additionally, the study demonstrates chocolate scent selectively increased attitude towards homeless as measured by perceived distance to self and a self-report questionnaire. Moreover, this effect was not mediated by mood changes. We argue that scents can be used to change attitudes towards stigmatized groups.

The Role of Distress Disclosure Tendencies in the Experience and Expression of Laboratory-Induced Sadness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Kahn ◽  
Daniel W. Cox ◽  
A. Myfanwy Bakker ◽  
Julia I. O’Loughlin ◽  
Agnieszka M. Kotlarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Distress Disclosure ◽  
Computerized Text Analysis

Abstract. The benefits of talking with others about unpleasant emotions have been thoroughly investigated, but individual differences in distress disclosure tendencies have not been adequately integrated within theoretical models of emotion. The purpose of this laboratory research was to determine whether distress disclosure tendencies stem from differences in emotional reactivity or differences in emotion regulation. After completing measures of distress disclosure tendencies, social desirability, and positive and negative affect, 84 participants (74% women) were video recorded while viewing a sadness-inducing film clip. Participants completed post-film measures of affect and were then interviewed about their reactions to the film; these interviews were audio recorded for later coding and computerized text analysis. Distress disclosure tendencies were not predictive of the subjective experience of emotion, but they were positively related to facial expressions of sadness and happiness. Distress disclosure tendencies also predicted judges’ ratings of the verbal disclosure of emotion during the interview, but self-reported disclosure and use of positive and negative emotion words were not associated with distress disclosure tendencies. The authors present implications of this research for integrating individual differences in distress disclosure with models of emotion.

Exploring the role of identity fusion and group identification in predicting parochialism amongst Indonesian Islamic groups

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Michael Kavanagh ◽  
Susilo Wibisono ◽  
Rohan Kapitány ◽  
Whinda Yustisia ◽  
Idhamsyah Eka Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Identification ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Beliefs And Practice ◽  
Fusion Theory

Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country and as such is host to a diverse range of Islamic beliefs and practices. Here we examine how the diversity of beliefs and practices among Indonesian Muslims relates to group bonding and parochialism. In particular, we examine the predictive power of two distinct types of group alignment, group identification and identity fusion, among individuals from three Sunni politico-religious groups - a fundamentalist group (PKS), a moderate group (NU), and a control sample of politically unaffiliated citizens. Fundamentalists were more fused to targets than moderates or citizens, but contrary to fusion theory, we found across all groups, that group identification (not fusion) better predicted parochialism, including willingness to carry out extreme pro-group actions. We discuss how religious beliefs and practice impact parochial attitudes, as well as the implications for theoretical models linking fusion to extreme behaviour.

scholarly journals Acknowledging the Role of Word-Based Activation in Spontaneous Trait Inferences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Orghian ◽  
TTnia Ramos ◽  
Joana Reis ◽  
Leonel Garcia Marques
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences

World Englishes, Pragmatics, and Discourse

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamuna Kachru
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Conversational Speech ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Unique Site ◽  
Selection Of

The central role of English in cross-cultural communication worldwide has made it a unique site for understanding diversity in systems of discourse pragmatics. In contact situations, these differences can help to refine theoretical models, such as the question of how universal speech acts or properties of facework and politeness are. They can also have significant real-world implications in the form of cross-cultural (mis-) communication in globalized contexts. This chapter reviews a selection of examples of speech acts and politeness in World Englishes contexts that use theoretical models to account for variation, but in some instances also challenge elements of such models. The discussion also includes a consideration of variation in surface form as well as variation in discourse other than conversational speech, such as written genres.

scholarly journals Implicit Bias Reflects the Personal and the Social

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Rivers ◽  
Heather Rees ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Jeff Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
And Storage

This issue’s target article by Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg (PV&L) does exactly what one should, presenting an argument that is thought-provoking and that challenges current orthodoxy. It also addresses an issue that has increasingly confounded attitudes researchers in recent years. The construct of “implicit bias” was initially conceptualized as a latent construct that exists within persons, relatively resistant to situational influences. A plethora of theoretical models converge on the notion that implicit biases, including intergroup biases, are representations that are stored in memory (e.g., Devine,1989; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald et al., 2002; Wilson, Lindsay, & Schooler, 2000). Although some perspectives emphasize the role of culture in contributing to implicit measures of bias, even these perspectives rely on the learning and storage of mental representations (Olson & Fazio, 2004).

scholarly journals No Evaluative Conditioning Effects with Briefly Presented Stimuli

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Heycke ◽  
Christoph Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
The Us

Evaluative Conditioning (EC) changes the preference towards a formerly neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus; CS), by pairing it with a valent stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus; US), in the direction of the valence of the US. When the CS is presented subliminally (i.e., too briefly to be consciously perceived), contingency awareness between CS and US can be ruled out. Hence, EC effects with subliminal CSs would support theories claiming that contingency awareness is not necessary for EC effects to occur. Recent studies reported the absence of EC with briefly presented CSs when both CS and US were presented in the visual modality, even though the CSs were identified at above-chance levels. Challenging this finding, Heycke and colleagues (2017) found some evidence for an EC effect with briefly presented visual stimuli in a cross-modal paradigm with auditory USs, but that study did not assess CS visibility. The present study attempted to replicate this EC effect with different stimuli and a CS visibility check. Overall EC for briefly presented stimuli was absent, and results from the visibility check show that an EC effect with briefly presented CSs was only found, when the CSs were identified at above-chance levels.

scholarly journals Learning theories and computers in TAFE education

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennaro Pellone
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
The Past ◽  
Educational Aid

<span>The place of the computer in the classroom especially within TAFE Colleges has increased dramatically over the past decade. This paper attempts to describe the role of computers in TAFE education providing some understanding of the principal theoretical models of learning and their relationship with the computer as an educational aid.</span>

Generation of Short-scale Electrostatic Fields in the Solar Atmosphere and the Role of Helium Ions

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
H. Saleem ◽  
Shaukat Ali Shan ◽  
A. Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Shear Flow ◽  
Transition Region ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Inhomogeneous Field ◽  
Helium Ions ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Short Scale

Abstract Theoretical models are presented to show that expansion of plasma in the radial direction from a denser solar surface to a rarefied upper atmosphere with short-scale inhomogeneous field-aligned flows and currents in the form of thin threads itself is an important source of electrostatic instabilities. Multifluid theory shows that the shear flow–driven purely growing electric fields appear in the transition region. On the other hand, plasma kinetic theory predicts that the short-scale current sheets (or filaments) produce current-driven electrostatic ion acoustic (CDEIA) waves in the hydrogen plasma of the transition region that damp out in the system through wave–particle interactions and increase the temperature. Similar processes take place in the solar corona and act positively for increasing the temperature further and maintaining it. The shear flow–driven instabilities and CDEIA waves have short perpendicular wavelengths of the order of 1 m and low frequencies of the order of 1 or several Hz when the ions’ shear flow scale length is considered to be of the order of 1 km. It is pointed out that the purely growing fluid instabilities turn into oscillatory instabilities and the growth rates of kinetic CDEIA wave instabilities are reduced when the dynamics of 10% helium ions is taken into account along with 90% hydrogen ions. Therefore, the role of helium ions should not be ignored in the study of wave dynamics in solar plasma.

Research in Information Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Is Design ◽  
Substantial Extent ◽  
Outer Environment

Information Systems (IS) are complex artifacts which could be viewed as playing the role of an interface between the organizational structure and processes and the technological capabilities. IS design is influenced by—and has an influence on—its outer environment: organizational context. Much of past research in IS is of explanatory nature and has largely focused on the processes and functions of outer environment, including organizations and individuals. There is not sufficient theoretical elaboration on the organizational and technological connections of the IS artifacts. Some of the most prominent theoretical models of IS do not incorporate the very nature of information systems to a substantial extent. The information content of these models is also questionable. IS research has been criticized by some members of the research community for lack of identity and lack of relevance.

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