Submicron drops from flapping bursting bubbles

Tiny water drops produced from bubble bursting play a critical role in forming clouds, scattering sunlight, and transporting pathogens from water to the air. Bubbles burst by nucleating a hole at their cap foot and may produce jets or film drops. The latter originate from the fragmentation of liquid ligaments formed by the centripetal destabilization of the opening hole rim. They constitute a major fraction of the aerosols produced from bubbles with cap radius of curvature (R) > ∼0.4 × capillary length (a). However, our present understanding of the corresponding mechanisms does not explain the production of most submicron film drops, which represent the main number fraction of sea spray aerosols. In this study, we report observations showing that bursting bubbles with R < ∼0.4a are actually mainly responsible for submicron film drop production, through a mechanism involving the flapping shear instability of the cap with the outer environment. With this proposed pathway, the complex relations between bubble size and number of drops produced per bubble can be better explained, providing a fundamental framework for understanding the production flux of aerosols and the transfer of substances mediated by bubble bursting through the air–water interface and the sensitivity of the process to the nature of the environment.

Obtaining the frequencies of Schenberg detector sphere using finite element modelling

The resonant-mass gravitational wave detector SCHENBERG is a spherical detector that operates with a central frequency close to 3200 Hz and a bandwidth around 200 Hz. It has a spherical mass that works as an antenna whose weight is 1150 kg and is connected to the outer environment by a suspension system designed to attenuate local noise due to seism as well as other sources; the sphere is suspended by its center of mass. When a gravitational wave passes by the detector, the antenna is expected to vibrate. This motion should be monitored by six parametric microwave transducers whose output signals will be digitally analyzed. In order to determine the detector performance better, it is necessary to obtain the vibration frequencies of the sphere with a better precision. To achieve such a goal the sphere with the holes to mount the transducers and the central hole from which the sphere is suspended is simulated in a finite element method program when the gravity is applied to the sphere and the deformation is kept. After that the vibration normal modes of the sphere are calculated and they are compared to the experimental results.

A new galling insect model enhances photosynthetic activity in an obligate holoparasitic plant

Insect-induced galls are microhabitats distinct from the outer environment that support inhabitants by providing improved nutrients, defence against enemies, and other unique features. It is intriguing as to how insects reprogram and modify plant morphogenesis. Because most of the gall systems are formed on trees, it is difficult to maintain them in laboratories and to comprehend the mechanisms operative in them through experimental manipulations. Herein, we propose a new model insect, Smicronyx madaranus, for studying the mechanisms of gall formation. This weevil forms spherical galls on the shoots of Cuscuta campestris, an obligate parasitic plant. We established a stable system for breeding and maintaining this ecologically intriguing insect in the laboratory, and succeeded in detailed analyses of the gall-forming behaviour, gall formation process, and histochemical and physiological features. Parasitic C. campestris depends on host plants for its nutrients, and usually shows low chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity. We demonstrate that S. madaranus-induced galls have significantly increased CO2 absorbance. Moreover, chloroplasts and starch accumulated in gall tissues at locations inhabited by the weevil larvae. These results suggest that the gall-inducing weevils enhance the photosynthetic activity in C. campestris, and modify the plant tissue to a nutrient-rich shelter for them.

The Meaning of Silence for Mastering the Practitioner’s Reflective Skills

The aim of the article is to show the meaning of practicing silence, enhancing the quality of the reflective skills of the reflective practitioner. These skills – being, speaking, disclosing, testing, and probing – reveal one’s reflective competences, which require time and silence to be developed. The reflective practitioner is a person who can creatively interact with their true-self, others, the world, and God. Therefore, he or she finds time to distance themselves from many stimuli that bombard the mind and the outer environment and treats silence and quietness more as a challenge, rather than a threat to their own existence. Silence, perceived as a space for finding a new quality of one’s identity, is presented in the paper in different perspectives. The meaning of listening silence is especially worth noticing in the domain of education, which is preoccupied with large streams of information coming from varied sources that demand to be acquired. That is why this goal seems important for those who must cope with matters connected with teaching, learning, upbringing, and development. I attempt to deal with this briefly in a theoretical, practically-oriented analysis by suggesting some solutions covered in the material below.

STRUCTURAL PARADIGM OF INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP

The article is focused on finding a new and modification of the existing paradigms of the innovative and investment partnership formation. The article studies the perspective key members of innovative partnership, their roles and possible cooperation effects. The attention is focused on the choice of directions of the innovative process realization depending upon the comparative assessment of approaches and the innovation commercialization expenses. The author outlines the direct and indirect form of the innovative partnership: «enterprise — university» and «enterprise — innovative mediator — university». The analysis of the profit-making channels in each chosen type of cooperation is provided. The globalization and capital concentration platforms preceding the integration partnership agreements are outlined and analyzed. To build up a separate adaptive paradigm of the innovative partnership the factors of the inner and outer environment forming the barriers for the realization of successful innovation partnership models are analyzed. It was found that one more factor to be considered when choosing the forms of innovative partnership between the parties concerned is the payback from the innovation commercialization, Its amount will be impacted by the objective factors of the currency depreciation in time, level of the sci-tech progress development, facilitation of the state policy, selected priorities of the national strategies, etc. Concerning the subjective factors, they fall within the variety of behavioral characteristics of an individual. It is stated that the formation of the innovative partnership is closely connected with the regional peculiarity of the location of enterprises, institutions and organizations. It is suggested to outline the innovative export-oriented and innovative import-dependent regions of the country. This feature will cover the possibilities of acquisition of innovations, knowledge and experience, and resources for their realization from the inner and outer markets. One of the factors of the commercial success achievement with the chosen form of the innovative partnership is the Blue Ocean Strategy which will allow studying the market more in detail and find the market niches in need of such new integrative formations. The incorporation of spin-off and spin-out companies is outlined as an efficient direction of the innovative partnership grounds realization. The article was prepared with the application of the following methods: expert appraisal, analysis and synthesis, economic experiment and scientific abstraction as well as graphic and logical methods. Keywords: innovative partnership, innovative process, innovation, business model of the innovative partnership, innovative mediator, innovation commercialization. JEL Classification L26 Formulas: 0; fig.: 3; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 12.

Tropical Viticulture Diagnosis in the North and Northwest Fluminense

Viticulture has proved to be an alternative for farmers in the northen and northwestern Rio de Janeiro State; however, the activity is still very recent and requires the development of agronomic and managerial techniques. Therefore, the objective of this work was to diagnose the production areas and the characteristics inherent to the inner and outer environment of this farming enterprise. It was observed that the grape-growing farms predominate in an average area of 1 hectare, with productivity between 20 and 25 t/ha, with offer in the harvest and in the off-season. The inner points are stronger than the weak ones, and can be adjusted with the joint execution of the viticulturists allied to the opportunities, such as agrotourism and the diversification of available cultivars that allow a greater offer of the product and minimize the inherent threats observed, such as climatic variations and the shortage of skilled labor. These identified points may indicate competitiveness strategies for the wine market in the studied regions.

Loss of Innocence and Onset of Maturation: A Feminist Study of Alice Walker's The Flowers

This study plans to tour the different stages of the loss of innocence in the character of MYOP, a feeling conjured by Alice Walker in her short story "The Flowers". This paper encompasses the qualitative research approach and insights taken from the basic postulates of "traditional gender roles" situated within the theoretical framework of Feminists Criticism by Lois Tyson. Significant findings of the study are that a patriarchal society ceases the mental and emotional growth of a girl. When that girl is exposed to the outer environment, it leads to the onset of her maturity. It is hoped that my work will contribute to the expansion of episteme regarding the drastic influences of chauvinism and maximizing female society's potential.

Partial incubation-induced changes in concentrations of egg white antimicrobials do not influence trans-shell infection but affect hatchling phenotype

Host-microbiome interactions during embryonal and early phase of life is critical point in microbiome formation and assemblage in neonates. In birds, transmission of microbes from the outer environment into the egg interior was found to shape embryo viability and hatchlings phenotype. Microbes’ transmission may be modulated by egg white antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) whose concentration and antimicrobial action are temperature-modulated. As partial incubation and clutch covering with nest-lining feathers during pre-incubation period may both significantly alter temperature conditions acting on eggs, we experimentally investigated effects of these behavioural mechanisms on the concentrations of primary egg white AMPs - lysozyme and avidin using Mallard (Anas platyrhychos) eggs. Moreover, we studied in vivo if concentrations of egg white AMPs reduced probability and intensity of bacterial trans-shell infection and hatchlings phenotype. We found significantly higher egg white lysozyme concentration, while avidin concentration tended to be higher in partially incubated eggs. Clutch covering with nest-lining feathers had no effect on egg white AMPs concentrations. Neither probability nor intensity of bacterial trans-shell infection was associated with concentrations of egg white AMPs. Finally, increased egg white lysozyme was associated with decreased scaled body mass index of hatchlings. These outcomes demonstrate that incubation prior to clutch completion in precocial birds may modulate concentrations of particular egg white AMPs, yet without any effect on transmission of bacteria into the egg in vivo. Furthermore, increased egg white lysozyme may compromise body condition of hatchlings supporting growth-regulating role of lysozyme during embryogenesis in precocial birds.

HARDENING OF CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS OF AGE – AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF DISPOSITION PROPHYLAXIS

The hardening is a variety of activities which help increase the sustainability of the organisam to influnece the factors of the outer environment. Through natural factors and other physical means, the hardening aims to achieve perfection over the thermoregulation of the organisam. In its core the hardening is a conditional reflective process that is done through different outer irritants - air, sun baths, swimming.

Development of software control tools for power systems of mining and metallurgical regions

There are presented results of developing a conceptual trigger chart of the functioning mechanism of the decision support system. The suggested model of visualizing algorithms as a trigger net of states of the computer decision support system provides for interaction of power objects of mining and metallurgical complexes and regions. The authors introduce new interpretation of components of the network trigger model. The model is interactively connected with both the user-operator’s actions and states of power system components. With that, the state of the automatic model is associated with realizing a set of metarules to control the logic output. The authors elaborate a new formalism of representing algorithms of controlling knowledgebases interacting with the outer environment which aggregates primitives of conditions, triggers and transactions of operations and greatly generalizes standard languages of algorithm visualization. It enhances elaboration of standardized smart systems interacting with the external environment. This allows description of functioning algorithms of knowledgebases and the event-driven output to ensure development of reliable standardized smart systems interacting with control objects of power systems in mining and metallurgical regions.