scholarly journals Adaptations to Sea Level Rise: A Tale of Two Cities – Venice and Miami

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Molinaroli ◽  
Stefano Guerzoni ◽  
Daniel Suman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Administrative Structures

Both Venice and Miami are highly vulnerable to sea level rise and climate change. We examine the two cities´ biophysical environments, their socioeconomic bases, the legal and administrative structures, and their vulnerabilities and responses to sea level rise and flooding. Based on this information we critically compare the different adaptive responses of Venice and Miami and suggest what each city may learn from the other, as well as offer lessons for other vulnerable coastal cities.

scholarly journals Diminishing Opportunities for Sustainability of Coastal Cities in the Anthropocene: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Day ◽  
Joel D. Gunn ◽  
Joseph Robert Burger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events

The world is urbanizing most rapidly in tropical to sub-temperate areas and in coastal zones. Climate change along with other global change forcings will diminish the opportunities for sustainability of cities, especially in coastal areas in low-income countries. Climate forcings include global temperature and heatwave increases that are expanding the equatorial tropical belt, sea-level rise, an increase in the frequency of the most intense tropical cyclones, both increases and decreases in freshwater inputs to coastal zones, and increasingly severe extreme precipitation events, droughts, freshwater shortages, heat waves, and wildfires. Current climate impacts are already strongly influencing natural and human systems. Because of proximity to several key warming variables such as sea-level rise and increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves, coastal cities are a leading indicator of what may occur worldwide. Climate change alone will diminish the sustainability and resilience of coastal cities, especially in the tropical-subtropical belt, but combined with other global changes, this suite of forcings represents an existential threat, especially for coastal cities. Urbanization has coincided with orders of magnitude increases in per capita GDP, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn has led to unprecedented demand for natural resources and degradation of natural systems and more expensive infrastructure to sustain the flows of these resources. Most resources to fuel cities are extracted from ex-urban areas far away from their point of final use. The urban transition over the last 200 years is a hallmark of the Anthropocene coinciding with large surges in use of energy, principally fossil fuels, population, consumption and economic growth, and environmental impacts such as natural system degradation and climate change. Fossil energy enabled and underwrote Anthropocene origins and fueled the dramatic expansion of modern urban systems. It will be difficult for renewable energy and other non-fossil energy sources to ramp up fast enough to fuel further urban growth and maintenance and reverse climate change all the while minimizing further environmental degradation. Given these trajectories, the future sustainability of cities and urbanization trends, especially in threatened areas like coastal zones in low-income countries in the tropical to sub-tropical belt, will likely diminish. Adaptation to climate change may be limited and challenging to implement, especially for low-income countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of Existing Equations for the Design of Crown Walls: Application to the Case Study of Ericeira Breakwater (Portugal)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Fábio Pereira ◽  
Maria Neves ◽  
José-Santos López-Gutiérrez ◽  
María Esteban ◽  
Vicente Negro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Safety Coefficient ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

The correct calculation of forces and moments caused by wave action over crown wall structures is critical for their design. There are several existing equations for this, some of which are sanctioned in practice as it is the case for Jensen (1984) and Bradbury et al. (1998), Günback and Gökce (1984), Martin et al. (1999), Berenguer and Baonza (2006), and Pedersen (1996) and Nørgaard et al. (2013). These equations are the main tool for the design of breakwater crown walls and their accuracy is crucial to ensure the stability of the crown wall, especially when considering the sea level rise due to climate change and the possible damage of the armor, since both aspects are not usually considered in most original design studies. In a scenario of climate change, it is very important to estimate the possible changes in security factors due to both these aspects, comparing the results with the original design ones. This paper has as main objective to analyze it for the case study of Ericeira rubble mound breakwater in Portugal. For this, a comparison of the results using those equations and different scenarios including the current, considering sea level rise and armor damage, were performed to extract some conclusions: the increase in the sea level in the case study was not significant and therefore its incidence is very small; and the damage to the main armor by losing pieces at the berm is much more important in this case study, so it is essential to carry out the proper maintenance of the design section. On the other hand, horizontal forces are more conservative using Pedersen and Nørgaard equations, obtaining the lowest value with Martin. Regarding uplift pressures, Martin gives the lowest value, while the most conservative values are given by Günbak and Gökce’s for two scenarios, and Pedersen and Nørgaard for the other two scenarios. Furthermore, the sliding safety coefficient is more conditioning than overturning the safety coefficient in all the scenarios.

scholarly journals How Venice and Miami are adapting to sea-level rise

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
OCTO
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Coastal Cities

The authors describe governance approaches to sea-level rise (SLR) adopted by the large, coastal cities of Venice, Italy, and Miami, Florida, USA -- offering advice on how each city could learn from the other. The authors, who work in these cities on the issue of SLR, were able to bring their own observations into this analysis alongside archival research and interviews with government officials, NGOs, and scientists.

scholarly journals Assessment of Prevention Performance Target Rainfall in Coastal Cities with Sea Level Rise

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Dong Jun Kim ◽  
Kyung Min Choi ◽  
Yang Ho Song ◽  
Jung Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Performance Target

The rise in average sea level due to climate change aggravates the vulnerability of coastal areas, increasing the likelihood of flooding due to erosion of outfall to the coast and rivers. Therefore, the design standards of defense facilities should be strengthened to address such increased risk of flooding. Accordingly, in this study, a plan to adjust the disaster prevention performance target rainfall for two research areas was selected in consideration of the regional characteristics of the coastal area and the average sea level rise predicted for 2050, and the disaster prevention performance target rainfall increased from at least 89% to up to 169%. Based on these results, it is believed that this study can serve as a basis for improving data on rainfall targets for disaster prevention performance with consideration of future sea level rise in coastal cities.

scholarly journals Flood Risk Assessment for Coastal Cities Considering Sea Level Rise due to Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Yoonkyung Park ◽  
Byungsoon Jung ◽  
Reeho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Performance Targets ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Rise Rate

The purpose of this study was to present disaster prevention performance targets for Korean coastal cities, given the rise in sea level due to climate change. The disaster prevention performance targets for coastal cities are used to assess flood risk caused by increased sea levels. The proposed disaster prevention performance targets give additional consideration for design tide level or design flood level, which are design factors for hydraulic structures located along the coast. The rate of sea level rise in the West Sea was 0.61 ㎝/year. It was the fastest rise rate of all of Korea's seas. The sea level rise rate in the East Sea was calculated at 0.58 ㎝/year. This study also quantitatively confirmed that flood damage increases according to sea level rise using the United States' Environmental Protection Agency-Storm Water Management Model (EPA-SWMM). This study suggested a method for setting the disaster prevention performance targets of expected flood damage in coastal cities. Therefore, suggested disaster prevention performance targets should be highly specialized for coastal cities. However, sea level rise and rainfall are key factors that cause floods. Therefore, further research on disaster prevention in coastal cities should be carried out to consider the combined effects of sea level rise and rainfall.

scholarly journals The Costs of Sea-Level Rise: Coastal Adaptation Investments vs. Inaction in Iberian Coastal Cities

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Maria Abadie ◽  
Elisa Sainz de Murieta ◽  
Ibon Galarraga
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Coastal Adaptation ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Damage Costs ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
Coastal Risk

Iberian coastal cities are subject to significant risks in the next decades due to climate change-induced sea-level rise. These risks are quite uncertain depending on several factors. In this article, we estimate potential economic damage in 62 Iberian coastal cities from 2020 to 2100 using regional relative sea-level rise data under three representative concentration pathways (RCP 8.5, RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6). We analyze the expected accumulated damage costs if no adaptation actions take place and compare this scenario to the investment cost of some adaptation strategies being implemented. The results show that some adaptation strategies are less costly than the potential damage under inaction. In other words, it is economically rational to invest in adaptation even in a context of high uncertainty. These calculations are very relevant to inform climate change adaptation decisions and to better manage the risk posed by sea-level rise. Moreover, our findings show the importance of a good understanding of the shape of the sea-level rise and damage cost distributions to calculate the expected damage. We show that using the 50th percentile for these calculations is not adequate as it leads to a serious underestimation of expected damage and coastal risk.

scholarly journals Rekonstrukcija recentnih morfoloških promjena žala uz pomoć metode ponovljene fotografije – primjer žala Zogon na otoku Hvaru (Srednji Jadran)

Geoadria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Faivre ◽  
Marin Mićunović
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Processes ◽  
Photography Method ◽  
Construction Works

The geomorphological system composed of a torrent and a beach on the Island of Hvar was analysed with the aim to define natural and anthropogenic processes which influence changes in beach morphology. Using repeat photography method, ortho-photo images and field mapping it was found that between the 60s of the last century and the present, the Zogon beach reduced in size by approximately 50%. The reduction of the beach size can be related to the recent anthropological activities in the wider study area particularly due to multiply filling of the torrent bed during construction works and minor land use changes, as well as due to natural reforestation which all cause a decrease in the supply of material to the beach. On the other hand, the reversal of the beach evolution in the observed period, which is, by definition the accumulative relief form, from the accumulative state or state of balance, to dominant erosion, can be associated with recent climate change and relative sea level rise.

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