scholarly journals Why people matter in ocean governance: Incorporating human dimensions into large-scale marine protected areas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Christie ◽  
Nathan Bennett ◽  
Noella J. Gray ◽  
T. ‘Aulani Wilhelm ◽  
Nai‘a Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Best Management

Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs) are rapidly increasing. Due to their sheer size, complex sociopolitical realities, and distinct local cultural perspectives and economic needs, implementing and managing LSMPAs successfully creates a number of human dimensions challenges. It is timely and important to explore the human dimensions of LSMPAs. This paper draws on the results of a global “Think Tank on the Human Dimensions of Large Scale Marine Protected Areas” involving 125 people from 17 countries, including representatives from government agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, professionals, industry, cultural/indigenous leaders and LSMPA site managers. The overarching goal of this effort was to be proactive in understanding the issues and developing best management practices and a research agenda that address the human dimensions of LSMPAs. Identified best management practices for the human dimensions of LSMPAs included: integration of culture and traditions, effective public and stakeholder engagement, maintenance of livelihoods and wellbeing, promotion of economic sustainability, conflict management and resolution, transparency and matching institutions, legitimate and appropriate governance, and social justice and empowerment. A shared human dimensions research agenda was developed that included priority topics under the themes of scoping human dimensions, governance, politics, social and economic outcomes, and culture and tradition. The authors discuss future directions in researching and incorporating human dimensions into LSMPAs design and management, reflect on this global effort to co-produce knowledge and re-orient practice on the human dimensions of LSMPAs, and invite others to join a nascent community of practice on the human dimensions of large-scale marine conservation.

Human Dimensions of Large-scale Marine Protected Areas: Advancing Research and Practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noella J. Gray ◽  
Nathan J. Bennett ◽  
Jon C. Day ◽  
Rebecca L. Gruby ◽  
T. 'Aulani Wilhelm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Research And Practice

scholarly journals Comparing the Performance of Four Very Large Marine Protected Areas with Different Levels of Protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9572
Author(s):  
Veronica Relano ◽  
Maria Lourdes Deng Palomares ◽  
Daniel Pauly
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fishing The Line ◽  
Different Levels

In the last decades, several targets for marine conservation were set to counter the effects of increasing fishing pressure, e.g., protecting 10% of the sea by 2020, and establishing large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs). Using the ‘reconstructed’ catch data for 1950 to 2018 made available by the Sea Around Us initiative, we show that the declaration of an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in 1983 by the U.S.A. and its protection by the U.S. Coast Guard had a much bigger impact on catches around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands than the subsequent creation of a LSMPA. This is similar to Pitcairn Islands, a UK territory. Trends differed sharply in the Galapagos and New Caledonia, where neither their EEZ declaration nor the LSMPA (by Ecuador in 1988 and by France in 2014) stopped local fisheries from continuous expansion. Our results also demonstrate that in the studied multizone LSMPAs continued local fishing induces a ‘fishing down’ effect wherein the mean trophic level (TL) declined, especially in the Galapagos, by 0.1 TL per decade. Stakeholders’ responses to a short questionnaire and satellite imagery lent support to these results in that they documented substantial fishing operations and ‘fishing the line’ within and around multizone LSMPAs. In the case of EEZs around less populated or unpopulated islands, banning foreign fishing may reduce catch much more than a subsequent LSMPA declaration. This confirms that EEZs are a tool for coastal countries to protect their marine biodiversity and that allowing fishing in an MPA, while politically convenient, may result in ‘paper parks’ within which fishing can cause the same deleterious effects as in wholly unprotected areas.

Large-Scale Performance and Design for Construction Activity Erosion Control Best Management Practices

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1248-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Faucette ◽  
B. Scholl ◽  
R. E. Beighley ◽  
J. Governo
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Construction Activity

scholarly journals Best Management Practices for Sustainability in a Small-scale Community Renewable Energy: Sathya Sai School, Thailand

2015 ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Panichat Kitisittichai ◽  
Ariya Aruninta
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Best Management

Organizations working towards standardization have defined universal standards for Best Management Practices (BMPs) for renewable energy (RE) projects. However, these universal standards are better suitedto large-scale than small-scale projects such as community renewable energy (CRE) projects. Methods used by CRE projects to achieve BMP status remain to be determined. This paper aims to present various aspects of BMPs for small-scale CRE projects by emphasizing practices that are unrestricted, simple, andadaptable to the surrounding environment, and that will eventually lead to sustainability in the commu-nity. The case study involves RE projects at the ‘Sathya Sai School Thailand,’ an education-based com-munity which has a community-like organizational management. The community implements CRE pro-jects for educational-awareness program and to serve their energy needs, starting with micro scale in the community which then will impact on the reduction of climate change crisis at global level. The methodologies used for initial assessment of the involvement of residents and stakeholders, attitude of residents towards CRE project management, and attitudes towards the benefits of CRE project management included (1) field research (i.e., field observations and key-person interviews) and (2) a preference questionnaire. The results identify strengths and weaknesses of CRE project management, and are used to evaluate whether CRE project management constitutes a BMPs by using ‘The scale and sustainability score sheet’ tool. Moreover, recommendations for CRE projects to achieve BMPs status for sustainable community RE are generated from synthesis of sustainability ratings of CRE project management and integration of BMPs theory with the gaps and weaknesses of CRE project management. In conclusion, solutions focus on ‘actual problem-based solving approach’, understanding CRE project management problems and sustained practices by community residents are at the core of BMPs. Experiences can be shared by exchanging RE knowledge among academic and professional networks, and this exchange may improve the suitability of REs in relation to dynamic changes in environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Developing a framework for the efficient design and management of large scale marine protected areas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nikitine ◽  
A.M.W. Wilson ◽  
T.P. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
National Monument ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sound Management

Following the designation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in 2000, globally there has been a growing trend in establishing large, remote, no-take marine reserves (> 150,000 sq km), generally known as Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs). Yet such MPAs with vast geographical areas bring design and management challenges, as the islands and seas are spread over hundreds of nautical miles and are largely inaccessible and often uninhabited. In order to understand how management of LSMPAs can be successfully sustained, this study evaluates the Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve (PIMR), designated in September 2016, against a framework based on 10 criteria, which were derived from the IUCN WCPA's Guidelines for Design and Management of Large-Scale MPAs. Initial findings show the PIMR was satisfactory in design focusing on sound management practices, taking into account uncertainties around financial sustainability and future administrations. This study identifies the importance of: acquiring robust baseline data, being fully protected (no-take), using ecosystem-based management, community inclusion, and of adopting an ecologically connected network approach. These features are needed for large marine reserves to maximize achieving both ecological and socio-economic goals, with particular attention to engagement of local communities. This study opens the possibility of refining and adapting the criteria developed through the PIMR case study as starting point for other Large-Scale MPAs, as their global expansion could benefit from comparative analysis. It also acknowledges the importance of having comparative design and management guides, contributing towards globally recognized standards for large-scale MPAs.

scholarly journals Why people matter in ocean governance: Incorporating human dimensions into large-scale marine protected areas

Marine Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Christie ◽  
Nathan J. Bennett ◽  
Noella J. Gray ◽  
T. ‘Aulani Wilhelm ◽  
Nai‘a Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Ocean Governance

Going Big in the Pacific

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Hanich ◽  
Clive Schofield ◽  
Chris Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Conservation Targets ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of large-scale marine protected areas in the Pacific Ocean is fundamental to the achievement of global marine conservation targets. The threatened nature of the global ocean is emphasised, the evolution of global spatial targets for marine conservation outlined and the implementation of large-scale marine protected areas in Australia and the Pacific Ocean more broadly is reviewed. The article concludes with some reflections on the efficacy of such mechanisms in the Pacific.

scholarly journals Local overfishing patterns have regional effects on health of coral, and economic transitions can promote its recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Milne ◽  
Chris Bauch ◽  
Madhur Anand
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Fish Yield ◽  
Economic Transitions

Overfishing has the potential to severely disrupt coral reef ecosystems worldwide, while harvesting at more sustainable levels instead can boost fish yield without damaging reefs. The dispersal abilities of reef species mean that coral reefs form highly connected environments, and the viability of reef fish populations depends on spatially explicit processes such as the spillover effect and unauthorized harvesting inside marine protected areas. However, much of the literature on coral conservation and management has only examined overfishing on a local scale, without considering how different spatial patterns of fishing levels can affect reef health both locally and regionally. Here, we simulate a coupled human-environment model to determine how coral and herbivorous reef fish respond to overfishing across multiple spatial scales. We find that coral and reef fish react in opposite ways to habitat fragmentation driven by overfishing, and that a potential spillover effect from marine protected areas into overfished patches helps coral populations far less than it does reef fish. We also show that ongoing economic transitions from fishing to tourism have the potential to revive fish and coral populations over a relatively short timescale, and that large-scale reef recovery is possible even if these transitions only occur locally. Our results show the importance of considering spatial dynamics in marine conservation efforts, and demonstrate the ability of economic factors to cause regime shifts in human-environment systems.

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