scholarly journals Cybonto: Towards Human Cognitive Digital Twins for Cybersecurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam ngoc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Network Centrality ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
First Time

Cyber defense is reactive and slow. On average, the time-to-remedy is hundreds of times larger than the time-to-compromise. In response, Digital Twins (DTs) and particularly Human Digital Twins (HDTs) offer the capability of running massive simulations across multiple knowledge domains. Simulated results offer insights into adversaries' behaviors and tactics, resulting in better proactive cyber-defense strategies. For the first time, this paper solidifies the vision of DTs and HDTs for cybersecurity via the Cybonto conceptual framework proposal. The paper also contributes the Cybonto ontology to guide the developments of such HDTs. In particular, the ontology formally documented 108 constructs and thousands of cognitive-related paths based on 20 time-tested psychology theories. Finally, the paper applied 20 network centrality algorithms in ranking the constructs by their cognitive influences. The top 10 constructs call for extensions of current digital cognitive architectures such as: explicitly implementing more refined structures of Long-term Memory and Perception, putting a stronger focus on influential non-cognitive constructs such as Arousal, and creating new capabilities for simulating, reasoning about, and selecting circumstances.

Cybonto: Towards Human Cognitive Digital Twins for Cybersecurity (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Network Centrality ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
First Time

UNSTRUCTURED Cyber defense is reactive and slow. On average, the time-to-remedy is hundreds of times larger than the time-to-compromise. In response, Digital Twins (DTs) and particularly Human Digital Twins (HDTs) offer the capability of running massive simulations across multiple knowledge domains. Simulated results offer insights into adversaries' behaviors and tactics, resulting in better proactive cyber-defense strategies. For the first time, this paper solidifies the vision of DTs and HDTs for cybersecurity via the Cybonto conceptual framework proposal. The paper also contributes the Cybonto ontology to guide the developments of such HDTs. In particular, the ontology formally documented 108 constructs and thousands of cognitive-related paths based on 20 time-tested psychology theories. Finally, the paper applied 20 network centrality algorithms in ranking the constructs by their cognitive influences. The top 10 constructs call for extensions of current digital cognitive architectures such as: explicitly implementing more refined structures of Long-term Memory and Perception, putting a stronger focus on influential non-cognitive constructs such as Arousal, and creating new capabilities for simulating, reasoning about, and selecting circumstances.

scholarly journals Cybonto: Towards Human Cognitive Digital Twins for Cybersecurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Network Centrality ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
First Time

Cyber defense is reactive and slow. On average, the time-to-remedy is hundreds of times larger than the time-to-compromise. In response to the expanding ever-more-complex threat landscape, Digital Twins (DTs) and particularly Human Digital Twins (HDTs) offer the capability of running massive simulations across multiple knowledge domains. Simulated results may offer insights into adversaries' behaviors and tactics, resulting in better proactive cyber-defense strategies. For the first time, this paper solidifies the vision of DTs and HDTs for cybersecurity via the Cybonto conceptual framework proposal. The paper also contributes the Cybonto ontology, formally documenting 108 constructs and thousands of cognitive-related paths based on 20 time-tested psychology theories. Finally, the paper applied 20 network centrality algorithms in analyzing the 108 constructs. The identified top 10 constructs call for extensions of current digital cognitive architectures in preparation for the DT future.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUSES

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150123
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ALI SELAMAT ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR
Keyword(s):  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

scholarly journals Perceptual Generalization and Context in a Network Memory Inspired Long-Term Memory for Artificial Cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (06) ◽  
pp. 1850053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Duro ◽  
Jose A. Becerra ◽  
Juan Monroy ◽  
Francisco Bellas
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Associative Structure ◽  
Complementary System ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
Artificial Neural

In the framework of open-ended learning cognitive architectures for robots, this paper deals with the design of a Long-Term Memory (LTM) structure that can accommodate the progressive acquisition of experience-based decision capabilities, or what different authors call “automation” of what is learnt, as a complementary system to more common prospective functions. The LTM proposed here provides for a relational storage of knowledge nuggets given the form of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that is representative of the contexts in which they are relevant in a configural associative structure. It also addresses the problem of continuous perceptual spaces and the task- and context-related generalization or categorization of perceptions in an autonomous manner within the embodied sensorimotor apparatus of the robot. These issues are analyzed and a solution is proposed through the introduction of two new types of knowledge nuggets: P-nodes representing perceptual classes and C-nodes representing contexts. The approach is studied and its performance evaluated through its implementation and application to a real robotic experiment.

Chronic Noise and Psychological Stress

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Evans ◽  
Staffan Hygge ◽  
Monika Bullinger
Keyword(s):  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Community Noise ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Standardized Reading Test ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
First Time

This article illustrates the value of incorporating psychological principles into the environmental sciences Psychophysiological, cognitive, motivational, and affective indices of stress were monitored among elementary school children chronically exposed to aircraft noise We demonstrate for the first time that chronic noise exposure is associated with elevated neuroendocrine and cardiovascular measures, muted cardiovascular reactivity to a task presented under acute noise, deficits in a standardized reading test administered under quiet conditions, poorer long-term memory, and diminished quality of life on a standardized index Children in high-noise areas also showed evidence of poor persistence on challenging tasks and habituation to auditory distraction on a signal-to-noise task They reported considerable annoyance with community noise levels, as measured utilizing a calibration procedure that adjusts for individual differences in rating criteria for annoyance judgments

scholarly journals Long-term memory of individual identity in ant queens

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Dreier ◽  
Jelle S van Zweden ◽  
Patrizia D'Ettorre
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

Remembering individual identities is part of our own everyday social life. Surprisingly, this ability has recently been shown in two social insects. While paper wasps recognize each other individually through their facial markings, the ant, Pachycondyla villosa , uses chemical cues. In both species, individual recognition is adaptive since it facilitates the maintenance of stable dominance hierarchies among individuals, and thus reduces the cost of conflict within these small societies. Here, we investigated individual recognition in Pachycondyla ants by quantifying the level of aggression between pairs of familiar or unfamiliar queens over time. We show that unrelated founding queens of P. villosa and Pachycondyla inversa store information on the individual identity of other queens and can retrieve it from memory after 24 h of separation. Thus, we have documented for the first time that long-term memory of individual identity is present and functional in ants. This novel finding represents an advance in our understanding of the mechanism determining the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals.

scholarly journals A reconstituted mammalian APC-kinesin complex selectively transports defined packages of mRNAs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Baumann ◽  
Artem Komissarov ◽  
Maria Gili ◽  
Verena Ruprecht ◽  
Stefan Wieser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Mrna Transport ◽  
Transport Efficiency ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
First Time

AbstractThrough the asymmetric distribution of mRNAs cells spatially regulate gene expression to create cyto-plasmic domains with specialized functions. In mammalian neurons, mRNA localization is required for essential processes as cell polarization, migration and synaptic plasticity underlying long-term memory formation. The essential components driving cytoplasmic mRNA transport in neurons and mammalian cells are not known. Here, we report the first reconstitution of a mammalian mRNA transport system revealing that the tumour suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) forms stable complexes with the axonally localised β-actin and β2B-tubulin mRNAs which are linked to a heterotrimeric kinesin-2 via the cargo adaptor KAP3. APC activates kinesin-2 and both proteins are sufficient to drive specific transport of defined mRNA packages. Guanine-rich sequences located in 3’UTRs of axonal mRNAs increase transport efficiency and balance the access of different mRNAs to the transport system. Our findings reveal for the first time a minimal set of proteins capable of driving kinesin-based, mammalian mRNA transport.

scholarly journals Hibernation does not affect memory retention in bats

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Ruczynski ◽  
Björn M. Siemers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

Long-term memory can be critically important for animals in a variety of contexts, and yet the extreme reduction in body temperature in hibernating animals alters neurochemistry and may therefore impair brain function. Behavioural studies on memory impairment associated with hibernation have been almost exclusively conducted on ground squirrels (Rodentia) and provide conflicting results, including clear evidence for memory loss. Here, we for the first time tested memory retention after hibernation for a vertebrate outside rodents—bats (Chiroptera). In the light of the high mobility, ecology and long life of bats, we hypothesized that maintenance of consolidated memory through hibernation is under strong natural selection. We trained bats to find food in one out of three maze arms. After training, the pre-hibernation performance of all individuals was at 100 per cent correct decisions. After this pre-test, one group of bats was kept, with two interruptions, at 7°C for two months, while the other group was kept under conditions that prevented them from going into hibernation. The hibernated bats performed at the same high level as before hibernation and as the non-hibernated controls. Our data suggest that bats benefit from an as yet unknown neuroprotective mechanism to prevent memory loss in the cold brain.

scholarly journals Long-term consolidation switches goal proximity coding from hippocampus to retrosplenial cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zita Patai ◽  
Amir-Homayoun Javadi ◽  
Jason D. Ozubko ◽  
Andrew O’Callaghan ◽  
Shuman Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
University College London ◽  
Virtual Simulations ◽  
First Time

AbstractRecent research indicates the hippocampus may code the distance to the goal during navigation of newly learned environments. It is unclear however, whether this also pertains to highly familiar environments where extensive systems-level consolidation is thought to have transformed mnemonic representations. Here we recorded fMRI while University College London and Imperial College London students navigated virtual simulations of their own familiar campus (> 2 years of exposure) and the other campus learned days before scanning. Posterior hippocampal activity tracked the proximity to the goal in the newly learned campus, but not in the familiar campus. By contrast retrosplenial cortex tracked the distance to the goal in the familiar campus, but not in the recently learned campus. These responses were abolished when participants were guided to their goal by external cues. These results open new avenues of research on navigation and consolidation of spatial information and help advance models of how neural circuits support navigation in novel and highly familiar environments.Significance StatementHistorically, research on the hippocampal formation has focused on its role in long-term memory and navigation – often in isolation. No study to date has directly compared realistic navigation within familiar with recently learned environments, nor has it been explored how the neural substrates, along with computational codes, may change. In this study, we show for the first time, a shift from hippocampal to cortical coding of distance to a goal during active navigation. This study bridges the gap between memory consolidation and navigation, and paves the way for more functional and realistic understanding of the hippocampus.

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