scholarly journals Long-term memory of individual identity in ant queens

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Dreier ◽  
Jelle S van Zweden ◽  
Patrizia D'Ettorre
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

Remembering individual identities is part of our own everyday social life. Surprisingly, this ability has recently been shown in two social insects. While paper wasps recognize each other individually through their facial markings, the ant, Pachycondyla villosa , uses chemical cues. In both species, individual recognition is adaptive since it facilitates the maintenance of stable dominance hierarchies among individuals, and thus reduces the cost of conflict within these small societies. Here, we investigated individual recognition in Pachycondyla ants by quantifying the level of aggression between pairs of familiar or unfamiliar queens over time. We show that unrelated founding queens of P. villosa and Pachycondyla inversa store information on the individual identity of other queens and can retrieve it from memory after 24 h of separation. Thus, we have documented for the first time that long-term memory of individual identity is present and functional in ants. This novel finding represents an advance in our understanding of the mechanism determining the evolution of cooperation among unrelated individuals.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUSES

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150123
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ALI SELAMAT ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR
Keyword(s):  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

scholarly journals Organization and priming of long-term memory representations with two-phase plasticity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannik Luboeinski ◽  
Christian Tetzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Order Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Spontaneous Activation ◽  
Synaptic Tagging And Capture ◽  
The Individual

AbstractSynaptic tagging and capture (STC) is a molecular mechanism that accounts for the consolidation of synaptic changes induced by plasticity. To link this mechanism to long-term memory and thereby to the level of behavior, its dynamics on the level of recurrent networks have to be understood. To this end, we employ a biologically detailed neural network model of spiking neurons featuring STC, which models the learning and consolidation of long-term memory representations. Using this model, we investigate the effects of different organizational paradigms of multiple memory representations, and demonstrate a proof of principle for priming on long timescales. We examine these effects considering the spontaneous activation of memory representations as the network is driven by background noise. Our first finding is that the order in which the memory representations are learned significantly biases the likelihood of spontaneous activation towards more recently learned memory representations. Secondly, we find that hub-like structures counter this learning order effect for representations with less overlaps. We show that long-term depression is the mechanism underlying these findings, and that intermediate consolidation in between learning the individual representations strongly alters the described effects. Finally, we employ STC to demonstrate the priming of a long-term memory representation on a timescale of minutes to hours. As shown by these findings, our model provides a mechanistic synaptic and neuronal basis for known behavioral effects.

Information Processing and Human Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eggen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Individual

Information processing is a cognitive learning theory that helps explain how individuals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information from memory. The cognitive architecture that facilitates the processing of information consists of three components: memory stores, cognitive processes, and metacognition. The memory stores are sensory memory, a virtually unlimited store that briefly holds stimuli from the environment in an unprocessed form until processing begins; working memory, the conscious component of our information processing system, limited in both capacity and duration, where knowledge is organized and constructed in a form that makes sense to the individual; and long-term memory, a vast and durable store that holds an individual’s lifetime of acquired information. Information is moved from sensory memory to working memory using the cognitive processes attention, selectively focusing on a single stimulus, and perception, the process of attaching meaning to stimuli. After information is organized in working memory so it makes sense to the individual, it is represented in long-term memory through the process of encoding, where it can later be retrieved and connected to new information from the environment. Metacognition is a regulatory mechanism that facilitates the use of strategies, such as chunking, automaticity, and distributed processing, that help accommodate the limitations of working memory, and schema activation, organization, elaboration, and imagery that promote the efficient encoding of information into long-term memory. Information processing theory has implications for our daily living ranging from tasks as simple as shopping at a supermarket to those as sophisticated as solving complex problems.

scholarly journals Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 2261-2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina A Hoffmann ◽  
Bettina von Helversen ◽  
Regina A Weilbächer ◽  
Jörg Rieskamp
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Rule Abstraction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

People often forget acquired knowledge over time such as names of former classmates. Which knowledge people can access, however, may modify the judgement process and affect judgement accuracy. Specifically, we hypothesised that judgements based on retrieving past exemplars from long-term memory may be more vulnerable to forgetting than remembering rules that relate the cues to the criterion. Experiment 1 systematically tracked the individual course of forgetting from initial learning to later tests (immediate, 1 day, and 1 week) in a linear judgement task facilitating rule-based strategies and a multiplicative judgement task facilitating exemplar-based strategies. Practising the acquired judgement strategy in repeated tests helped participants to consistently apply the learnt judgement strategy and retain a high judgement accuracy even after a week. Yet, whereas a long retention interval did not affect judgements in the linear task, a long retention interval impaired judgements in the multiplicative task. If practice was restricted as in Experiment 2, judgement accuracy suffered in both tasks. In addition, after a week without practice, participants tried to reconstruct their judgements by applying rules in the multiplicative task. These results emphasise that the extent to which decision makers can still retrieve previously learned knowledge limits their ability to make accurate judgements and that the preferred strategies change over time if the opportunity for practice is limited.

scholarly journals Long-term memory of relative reward values

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Soldati ◽  
Oliver H. P. Burman ◽  
Elizabeth A. John ◽  
Thomas W. Pike ◽  
Anna Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Key Resources

Long-term memory can be adaptive as it allows animals to retain information that is crucial for survival, such as the appearance and location of key resources. This is generally examined by comparing choices of stimuli that have value to the animal with those that do not; however, in nature choices are rarely so clear cut. Animals are able to assess the relative value of a resource via direct comparison, but it remains unclear whether they are able to retain this information for a biologically meaningful amount of time. To test this, captive red-footed tortoises ( Chelonoidis carbonaria ) were first trained to associate visual cues with specific qualities and quantities of food, and their preferences for the different reward values determined. They were then retested after an interval of 18 months. We found that the tortoises were able to retain the information they had learned about the cues as indicators of relative reward values over this interval, demonstrating a memory for the relative quantity and quality of food over an extended period of time. This is likely to impact directly on an animal's foraging decisions, such as the exploitation of seasonally varying resources, with obvious fitness implications for the individual; however, the implications may also extend to the ecological interactions in which the animal is involved, affecting processes such as herbivory and seed dispersal.

scholarly journals Verbal interference suppresses object-scene binding in visual long-term memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Timothy F. Brady ◽  
Justin Newell Wood
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Task ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Scene Information ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Objects

Building a unified representation of an event requires binding object and scene information in visual long-term memory (VLTM). While previous studies have examined how humans remember individual objects and scenes, little is known about the mechanisms that support object-scene binding. In this study, we examined whether language plays a role in binding objects and scenes in VLTM. Participants studied a large number of object-scene pairs, either while performing no concurrent task, a concurrent verbal shadowing task, or a concurrent rhythmic shadowing task. Participants were then tested on their memory for the individual objects and scenes (entity memory) or their memory for which objects were displayed in which scenes (object-scene binding). We found that (1) the rhythmic load and verbal load impaired memory for objects and scenes to a similar extent, but (2) the verbal load impaired object-scene binding significantly more than the rhythmic load. Thus, suppressing verbal resources during encoding selectively disrupts object-scene binding in long-term memory. We conclude that language networks play an important role in object-scene binding in VLTM.

scholarly journals Reflections of Idiographic Long-Term Memory Characteristics In Resting-State Neuroimaging Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyun Zhou ◽  
Florian Sense ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn ◽  
Andrea Stocco
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Visual Materials

AbstractTranslational applications of cognitive science depend on having predictive models at the individual, or idiographic, level. However, idiographic model parameters, such as working memory capacity, often need to be estimated from specific tasks, making them dependent on task-specific assumptions. Here, we explore the possibility that idiographic parameters reflect an individual’s biology and can be identified from task-free neuroimaging measures. To test this hypothesis, we correlated a reliable behavioral trait, the individual rate of forgetting in long-term memory, with a readily available task-free neuroimaging measure, the resting-state EEG spectrum. Using an established, adaptive fact-learning procedure, the rate of forgetting for verbal and visual materials was measured in a sample of 50 undergraduates from whom we also collected eyes-closed resting-state EEG data. Statistical analyses revealed that the individual rates of forgetting were significantly correlated across verbal and visual materials. Importantly, both rates correlated with resting-state power levels low (13-15 Hz) and upper (15-17 Hz) portion of the beta frequency bands. These correlations were particularly strong for visuospatial materials, were distributed over multiple fronto-parietal locations, and remained significant even after a correction for multiple comparisons (False Discovery Rate) and robust correlations methods were applied. These results suggest that computational models could be individually tailored for prediction using idiographic parameter values derived from inexpensive, task-free imaging recordings.

scholarly journals Chemogenetic evidence that rapid neuronal de novo protein synthesis is required for consolidation of long-term memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerana Shrestha ◽  
Pinar Ayata ◽  
Pedro Herrero-Vidal ◽  
Francesco Longo ◽  
Alexandra Gastone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Cost

AbstractTranslational control of memory processes is a tightly regulated process where the coordinated interaction and modulation of translation factors provides a permissive environment for protein synthesis during memory formation. Existing methods used to block translation lack the spatiotemporal precision to investigate cell-specific contributions to consolidation of long-term memories. Here, we have developed a novel chemogenetic mouse resource for cell type-specific and drug-inducible protein synthesis inhibition (ciPSI) that utilizes an engineered version of the catalytic kinase domain of dsRNA-activated protein (PKR). ciPSI allows rapid and reversible phosphorylation of eIF2α causing a block on general translation by 50% in vivo. Using this resource, we discovered that temporally structured pan-neuronal protein synthesis is required for consolidation of long-term auditory threat memory. Targeted protein synthesis inhibition in CamK2α expressing glutamatergic neurons in lateral amygdala (LA) impaired long-term memory, which was recovered with artificial chemogenetic reactivation at the cost of stimulus generalization. Conversely, genetically reducing phosphorylation of eIF2α in CamK2α positive neurons in LA enhanced memory strength, but was accompanied with reduced memory fidelity and behavior inflexibility. Our findings provide evidence for a finely tuned translation program during consolidation of long-term threat memories.

scholarly journals Prediction errors indexed by the P3 track the updating of complex long-term memory schemas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska R. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Face ◽  
Complex Knowledge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Electrophysiological Correlate

AbstractMemory schemas are higher-level knowledge structures that store an abstraction of multiple previous experiences. They allow us to retain a multitude of information without the cost of storing every detail. Schemas are believed to be relatively stable, but occasionally have to be updated to remain useful in the face of changing environmental conditions. Once a schema is consolidated, schema updating has been proposed to be the result of a prediction-error (PE) based learning mechanism, similar to the updating of less complex knowledge. However, for schema memory this hypothesis has been difficult to test because no sufficiently sensitive tools to track modifications to complex memory schemas existed so far. Current research on the updating of less complex beliefs and at much shorter time scales has identified the P3 as an electrophysiological correlate of PE-induced updating of beliefs. In this study, I recorded electroencephalography and continuous memory measures during the encoding of schema consistent vs. inconsistent material to test the behavioural and neural correlates of schema updating. I observed that PEs predicted the updating of a schema after a 24-hour delay, especially when participants were faced with inconsistent compared to consistent material. Moreover, the P3 amplitude tracked both the PE at the time of learning as well as the updating of the memory schema in the inconsistent condition. These results demonstrate that schema updating in the face of inconsistent information is driven by PE-based learning, and that similar neural mechanisms underlie the updating of consolidated long-term memory schemas and short-term belief structures.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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