scholarly journals Adding types, but not tokens, affects property induction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Xie ◽  
Danielle Navarro ◽  
Brett Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Target Property ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Sample Composition

The extent to which we generalize a novel property from a sample of familiar instances to novel instances depends on the sample composition. Previous property induction experiments have only used samples consisting of novel types (unique entities). Because real-world evidence samples often contain redundant tokens (repetitions of the same entity), we studied the effects on property induction of adding types and tokens to an observed sample. In Experiments 1-3, we presented participants with a sample of birds or flowers known to have a novel property and probed whether this property generalized to novel items varying in similarity to the initial sample. Increasing the number of novel types (e.g., new birds with the target property) in a sample produced tightening, promoting property generalization to highly similar stimuli but decreasing generalization to less similar stimuli. On the other hand, increasing the number of tokens (e.g., repeated presentations of the same bird with the target property) had little effect on generalization. Experiment 4 showed that repeated tokens are encoded and can benefit recognition, but are subsequently given little weight when inferring property generalization. We modified an existing Bayesian model of induction (Navarro, Dry & Lee, 2012) to account for both the information added by new types and the discounting of information conveyed by tokens.

scholarly journals The linguistic sign: Metonymy and virtuality

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Glaz
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Form ◽  
Intimate Connection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Linguistic Sign ◽  
The One

Grounded in a rich philosophical and semiotic tradition, the most influential models of the linguistic sign have been Saussure’s intimate connection between the signifier and the signi-fied and Ogden and Richards’ semiotic triangle. Within the triangle, claim the cognitive lin-guists Radden and Kövecses, the sign functions in a metonymic fashion. The triangular semi-otic model is expanded here to a trapezium and calibrated with, on the one hand, Peirce’s conception of virtuality, and on the other hand, with some of the tenets of Langacker’s Cogni-tive Grammar. In conclusion, the question “How does the linguistic sign mean?” is answered thus: it means by virtue of the linguistic form activating (virtually) the entire trapezium-like configuration of forms, concepts, experienced projections, and relationships between all of the above. Activation of the real world remains dubious or indirect. The process is both meto-nymic and virtual, in the sense specified.

scholarly journals VIRTUAL OBJECTS: BECOMING REAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-639
Author(s):  
BARTOLOMIEJ SKOWRON ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Intentional Object ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Virtual Objects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Real Objects

From an ontological point of view, virtuality is generally considered a simulation: i.e. not a case of true being, and never more than an illusory copy, referring in each instance to its real original. It is treated as something imagined — and, phenomenologically speaking, as an intentional object. It is also often characterized as fictive. On the other hand, the virtual world itself is extremely rich, and thanks to new technologies is growing with unbelievable speed, so that it now influences the real world in quite unexpected ways. Thus, it is also sometimes considered real. In this paper, against those who would regard virtuality as fictional or as real, I claim that the virtual world straddles the boundary between these two ways of existence: that it becomes real. I appeal to Roman Ingarden’s existential ontology to show that virtual objects become existentially autonomous, and so can be attributed a form of actuality and causal efficaciousness. I conclude that the existential autonomy and actuality of virtual objects makes them count as real objects, but also means that they undergo a change in their mode of existence.

Formal and informal logic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
Informal Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Other Hand

Formal logic abstracts the form of an argument from an instance of it that may be encountered, and then evaluates the form as being valid or invalid. The form is the important thing, rather than the concrete instance of the form. Informal logic, on the other hand, evaluates how an argument is used in a given context of conversation. This more practical, real-world orientation requires more judgment in interpreting what a given text of discourse should be taken to argue.

Artificial intelligence and operations research: challenges and opportunities in planning and scheduling

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLA P. GOMES
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Combinatorial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Planning And Scheduling ◽  
Functional Programming Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Real World Problems

Both the Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Operations Research (OR) communities are interested in developing techniques for solving hard combinatorial problems, in particular in the domain of planning and scheduling. AI approaches encompass a rich collection of knowledge representation formalisms for dealing with a wide variety of real-world problems. Some examples are constraint programming representations, logical formalisms, declarative and functional programming languages such as Prolog and Lisp, Bayesian models, rule-based formalism, etc. The downside of such rich representations is that in general they lead to intractable problems, and we therefore often cannot use such formalisms for handling realistic size problems. OR, on the other hand, has focused on more tractable representations, such as linear programming formulations. OR-based techniques have demonstrated the ability to identify optimal and locally optimal solutions for well-defined problem spaces. In general, however, OR solutions are restricted to rigid models with limited expressive power. AI techniques, on the other hand, provide richer and more flexible representations of real-world problems, supporting efficient constraint-based reasoning mechanisms as well as mixed initiative frameworks, which allow the human expertise to be in the loop. The challenge lies in providing representations that are expressive enough to describe real-world problems and at the same time guaranteeing good and fast solutions.

A model for teaching multiplication of fractional numbers

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
George F. Green
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Mature Students ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pedagogical Models ◽  
Fractional Numbers

Mature students of mathematics can readily cope with new and abstract terms if precise definitions of the terms are provided. For such students, neither the new term nor its definition needs to have any obvious connection with the real world. Most young children, on the other hand, require relatively clear associations between abstract terms and physical reality. Making these associations is the role of pedagogical models. The word model has many meanings in mathematics and elsewhere, but it is used here simply to mean an assignment of meaning to an abstraction, in familiar—frequently physical—terms. The child's model, then, is somewhat analogous to the mathematician's definition.

The development of capability: the content of potential and the potential of content

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reva Brown ◽  
Sean McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
As If

All too often discussion of Capability proceeds as if it is clear what ‘Capability’ is: and that all that is required is the ascertaining of means for developing it. This paper seeks to explore the meanings of Capability. It provides two broad meanings, and discusses the paradoxes inherent in the application of these to the real world of management and business. On the one hand, Capability is defined as Potential, what the individual could achieve. Potential is an endowment, which is realised by the acquisition of skills and knowledge, i.e. the acquisition of Content. On the other hand, Capability is defined as Content: what the individual can (or has learned to) do. This Content has been acquired by, or input into, the individual, who then has the Potential to develop further. So there are different routes to Capability, depending on the definition of Capability one chooses. All of this impinges on the development of Capability. This leads us on to a consideration of whether the ‘Development of Capability’ is a meaningful concept.

Economic History, Pure and Applied

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rondo Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

C P. Kindleberger once described economic history as “great fun” but not very useful for understanding what happens in the real world. W. N. Parker, on the other hand, doesn't regard it as at all amusing, but terribly important. Within that range, surely, each of us can locate his own ratio of practicality to enjoyment inherent in the pursuit of economic history. I myself was drawn to the study of economic history, even before I was aware of its existence—in fact, it was my youthful intention to invent the discipline—by two distinct motives. On the one hand, I wanted to enter (or create) a profession in which the work itself would yield intellectual pleasure. At the same time, having just lived through the longest depression in modern times and the most destructive war in history, I wanted to do something that would be useful to society. History, I knew, was interesting. Economics, I assumed, was important. I therefore resolved to give up the study of engineering, which had occupied me briefly before the war, and to create the new discipline of economic history. I was mildly surprised to discover upon enrolling in the Yale Studies for Returning Servicemen that the discipline did, indeed, already exist, and was, furthermore, ably represented at Yale by none other than Harold F. Williamson.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL-GRAPHICAL AND GIS-MODELING IN CARTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
T. Dudun ◽  
S. Titova
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Computer Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Graphical Modelling ◽  
Time Point

Structural-graphic modelling is considered: concept, connections, classification and application in cartographic research. The principles of modelling in cartography (the possibility of using maps using common epistemological categories; the use of general scientific methods of modelling and rational forms and variants of contacts with other types of modelling; the etymology of the term indicates the place of cartographic modelling as a means of research in the general system of cognition). The functions of structural-graphical modelling are defined. Functions of structural and graphical modelling are determined, and they are investigated, which allow: to carry out the selection of existing maps necessary for research; identify elements of systems that have not yet been mapped; determine the topic of maps and their placement within the complex cartographic works; use maps of other elements of the system when creating a series of maps of each specific element; ensure that the maps of this element are those of other elements; change the complex maps and their groups; determine the main columns of tables for collecting information in relational or electronic databases; identify sections of map legends; present legends in the form of graphical link models of lower-ranking system elements. Spatial modeling is investigated, the types and models of real-world spatial models are substantiated and identified, in particular: analogue (an analog model is defined as a large-scale model, representation of the real-world system, in which each part of the real system is modeled in miniature, very popular analog models of the real world are paper topographic, geographic and thematic maps); digital models (all operations are carried out using a computer, data is collected in the data model and encoded using different coding schemes that reduce the relevant aspects of the real world to structures of zeros and ones); discrete (models imitate the processes that occur between discrete entities, such as the forces acting between celestial bodies and controlling their movement, or the behavior of humans or animals when they interact in space); continuous models (on the other hand, are models in terms of variables that are continuous space functions, for example, atmospheric pressure or temperature, soil acidity or humidity. The concept of a continuous field describes the geographic world with a series of continuous maps, each of which represents the changes of a definite variable over the surface of the Earth); individual (you can model any system with a set of rules on the mechanical behavior of the main objects of the system); aggregate models (approach is to merge (aggregate) individual objects into a single whole and model the system through the behavior of these aggregates); static model (models can be static if the input and output are the same at the same time point, or dynamic, if the output represents a later time point than the input); dynamic models (dynamic models, on the other hand, constitute a process that changes or transforms some aspects of the Earth’s surface over time); cellular vending machines (in cellular automaton spatial variations are represented as a raster of fixed resolution, each cell of which is assigned one of a finite set of certain states); agent models (agent model is a series of interacting active objects that reflect objects and relationships in the real world, from the point of view of practical application, agent modeling can be defined as a modeling method that investigates the behavior of decentralized agents and how this behavior determines the behavior of the whole system as a whole).

scholarly journals Research on the adaptability of vehicles with different technical types to the China 6 regulation standard

2021 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 01039
Author(s):  
Feng Yan ◽  
Jian Ling ◽  
Chunbei Dai ◽  
Yuewei Wang ◽  
Jingyuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Conformity Factor

A test fleet including 47 gasoline vehicles with 6 different technical types was organized, and the adaptability of these vehicles under China 6 standard was studied. By analyzing the performance of the vehicles tested in laboratory and in real-world, technical types that could simultaneously reconcile emission and fuel consumption performance were proposed. The results show that all vehicles were well performed under laboratory conditions, but in real-world conditions, 50% direct injection vehicles without GPF would fail the RDE test. On the other hand, vehicles with GPF had better performance, all of which passed the RDE tests even if the conformity factor decreased from 2.1 to 1. In addition, it is found that the fuel consumption of the DI vehicles were lower than that of the PFI vehicles. As the DI vehicles with GPF showed better performance on the balance of emission and fuel consumption, indicating that they may have better potentials to deal with the increasing tightened emission and fuel consumption standards at the same time.

The Ending: Dreams, Reality and Ambiguity

Inception ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
David Carter
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Final Scene ◽  
Spinning Top

This chapter evaluates the ambiguous ending of Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010). Nolan has left the audience with the challenge of the final shot of Cobb's spinning top. The image abruptly cuts to black while it is still spinning, though it does appear to wobble a little. It can be argued that the fact that it does not fall indicates that the final scene of Cobb's reunion with his children is also inside a dream. On the other hand, the fact that it wobbles suggests that it is about to fall, indicating that Cobb is indeed back in the 'real world'. Of course, the shot was designed to be deliberately ambiguous, to force the audience to look back at the film and reflect on the nature of dreams and of films and the relations of both to what one considers, often unquestioningly, to be the 'real world'.

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