SPATIAL RESOURCE OF THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF CHERNIVTSI: CHRONOLOGICAL AND CHORAL ANALYSIS

The purpose of the research is to analyze the spatial resource of the territory of the suburbanization zone of the city of Chernivtsi. In the article, the dynamics of changes in the population of the urban residents of Chernivtsi region was analyzed. The indicator of the voltage of the demographic impact field was calculated and was found that as a result of active urbanization zone was formed, for each settlement of which there is a large, medium or low demographic voltage. The power of influence depends primarily on the population in the city because the larger is the number of residents, the greater will be the zone of its influence, which is considered as a vector, directed from the center of the city. Outside the designated suburbanization zone the voltage of demographic influence does not disappear, although with the decreasing of the distance from the city of Chernivtsi to an interval of approximately 50-55 km it is heading to zero. The cartographic model of the field of the demographic voltage of the city of Chernivtsi has been developed, where the boundaries of the suburbanization zone are clearly distinguished. Since the 90s the suburban zone of the city of Chernivtsi has been characterized by active changes, and today it is heterogeneous with uneven development. The main trends of modern changes in the suburban zone of the city of Chernivtsi, factors and relations with the regional center were also revealed. The boundaries of formation of the Chernivtsi Amalgamated territorial community (hromada) on the basis of a pronounced mutual influence “city-village”, “village-city” have been confirmed. The historical change of compactness of the city of Chernivtsi for the period 1861- 2020 years was traced, where the analysis of calculated indices of the territory of Chernivtsi indicates the maximum compactness of the territory of Chernivtsi in 1861. With the further development of the city, the area of the territory increased and the shape of it gradually loses compactness. The rationality of the use of urban space is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of the urban settlement because the time spent on moving the passenger and cargo flows is minimized, and the connections become closer and more intensive.

THE BORYSPIL UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF BORISPOL DISTRICT

The reform of decentralization is considered to be one of the most successful current reforms. The main strategic goal of the local self-government’s reform is to create conditions for providing its possibility to independently solve local-scale questions at the expense of its own resources. The maximum possible transfer of powers to territorial communities is the main way to achieve this goal and, accordingly, the creation of conditions for the dynamic development of districts and regions and the provision of high-quality public services and a safe living environment for citizens. The basis of the formation of the Boryspil united territorial community (Kyiv region) in the context of the modern process of decentralization was identified. The main components of the resource potential of this territorial community: natural resource, production, labour and infrastructure are analyzed. The benefits and advantageous of the transport-geographical location of the Boryspil UTC (united territorial community) are determined. The industrial potential, which affects various aspects of the socio-economic development of society, including the budget income, the level of employment and the prosperity of the population are analyzed. It is worth noting positive financial indicators such as: income to the local budget and the tax capacity index, the value of which allows transfer funds from the community budget to the state budget as a reverse subsidy to help financially insolvent communities. This indicates that the society is financially sound to support itself, solve its own problems and provide a full range of services for a quality life on its territory. The main problems and threats, which require urgent solutions for the community, are identified and distinguished. Potential possibilities of attracting and using the resources of the Boryspil UTC are considered for its further development. The advantages and possibilities of using the available Boryspil territorial community’s resources to resolve questions of local importance have been identified, and therefore, this will contribute to improving the living standards of residents. The obtained result made it possible to confirm that the Boryspil territorial community is able to be independently through the use of its own resources (financial support and infrastructure development) and provide a good level of services to its citizens (in the field of education, culture, healthcare, etc.). Conducting research was carried out in several stages: 1) at the first stage, preparation for the research was performed (problem statement); 2) at the next stage – collecting of primary information (methods of analysis, synthesis, statistical, literary, etc.); 3) at the third stage – processing of the found information (comparative, statistical, systematization, generalization methods, SWOT analysis); 4) on the last stage – the analysis of the received information (interpretation of the results, the formulation of general conclusions of the research).

THE INFLUENCE OF MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF THE RELIEF ON THE FORMATION OF LANDSCAPES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN SLOPE OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS

Purpose: To reveal the role of high energy of slope relief in the formation and differentiation of modern mountain geosystems of the Southeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus by assessing the degree of horizontal dissection, slopes of slopes and landscape-morphometric tension of territories with various landscape complexes with subsequent mapping of the ecogeographic situation in order to ensure rational land use and environmental safety. Methodology and Approach: On the basis of field and office studies, data on the state of the soil and vegetation cover, the author analyzed the impact of morphometric indicators on the exodynamic conditions of landscape belts, identified individual landscape-morphological blocks according to the degree of morphometric tension, schematic maps reflecting the impact of horizontal dissection and slopes of slopes on the natural complexes of the territory. Results: The author, through a comparative analysis of quantitative morphometric indicators from different ranks of landscape complexes, showed that there is a close correlation between them, i.e. differentiation, fragmentation and small contour of mountain landscape geosystems, and each landscape unit is distinguished by its own morphometric indicators, which also determine their exogeodynamic stability. It was revealed that the highest intensity of 5 points is characteristic of the territory covering steep slopes within the heights, which are characterized by the development of subnival, alpine meadow and subalpine complexes. The results of field and office studies were reflected in the compiled cartographic materials, which made it possible to carry out a spatial analysis of the development of the exodynamic situation on the territory of the southeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Theoretical and Practical implications: Based on the generalization of the results of the research carried out, the territories most exposed to exogenous relief-forming processes can be identified, a more detailed study is carried out and the exodynamic situation is more objectively assessed. The results of the study will make it possible to carry out effective economic planning, to identify priority areas for the implementation of anti-erosion and phyto-reclamation measures in mountain areas.

ATMOSPHERIC AIR AND GREENNESS AS INDICATORS OF COMFORT OF A COMPACT CITY (BY EXAMPLE OF KYIV)

The goal of the article is to study the geographical distribution and provision of urban green spaces to the residents of a large city on the example of Kyiv, assess the real state of green infrastructure, and reveal the relationship between air quality and comfort of living in some districts of the capital. To achieve this goal, we have analysed the compliance of Kyiv with the requirements of the compact sustainable city conception; and proposed an original method of substantiating the level of comfortable living, taking into consideration the air quality. According to the method we have evaluated the drawings of the effective Kyiv development Master plan and the one being elaborated, the regulatory documents of the Kyiv City Council, the registries of public recreation zones, OpenStreetMap and Google Map geospatial data and annual concentrations of main air pollutants of different Kyiv districts. Several thousand contours of all urban green spaces with an area of more than one hectare in Kyiv’s cartographic base has been processed and a number of major indicators of the modern conditions of the green infrastructure of Kyiv in all ten city districts have been calculated. Additionally, the average annual concentrations of main air pollutants and the Air Quality Index in different Kyiv districts have been calculated. We have identified a number of significant shortcomings in the functioning of the state monitoring of atmospheric air pollution in Kyiv, and substantiated the criteria for placing the air quality monitoring stations and sensors for the efficient measuring of the concentration of pollutants. Based on processing all significant indicators, such as the Greenness Index, Green Space Provision Index, Air Quality Index, the administrative districts of Kyiv have been ranked to assess the level of the comfortable and safe urban environment. We have calculated the integrated City comfort living Index that is based on important indicators of urban green spaces and allows to assess the complex state of the green infrastructure in Kyiv. It is also a key criterion of its compliance with modern requirements to the sustainable compact city. The analysis of the condition and distribution of urban green spaces has revealed their irregular distribution in the majority of districts and insufficient provision of green areas in the highest-density neighborhoods, despite their high Given the numerous shortcomings of the green infrastructure development in Kyiv (uneven territorial distribution, insufficient provision for the population), it is necessary to revise the legal framework in terms of geoecological assessment of all urban green spaces and their functions. Among the promising areas of further research, priority is given to determining the quality of green spaces, calculating the uniformity of their spatial distribution, pedestrian and transport accessibility for the city residents to the elements of green infrastructure, including protected areas. The relevance of the research is due to the fruitless search for the compromises between locally based densification, urban development and preservation of urban green structures, which leads to deterioration of air quality and general environmental condition of Kyiv, reducing its socio-economic development, increasing incidences of disease.

SOCIO-HYDROLOGY: THE PROS AND CONS OF A NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF RESEARCH

The purpose of the survey study was to characterize the state of affairs in sociohydrology, the concept of which began to actively gain positions in the world in the early 2000s. The publication of 2012 by M. Sivapalan et al. is considered to be the reference in the appearance of a statement about a certain systematic design of sociohydrology. In it, the authors defined sociohydrology as a new science that studies dynamic interactions and feedbacks between water and humans. A significant number of researchers have taken up the idea of new science. Analysis of publications in international journals on topics related to sociohydrology showed that in scientific periodicals during 2012–2020. About 180 articles were published, cited about 4000 times according to the Web of Science. The main content of research in the field of sociohydrology boils down to three aspects: compromise in the interconnected system “man – water”; interests in water resources management; virtual research of water in a connected system “man – water”. However, the scientific hydrological community did not unanimously accept the idea of the emergence of new science. Some hydrological scientists believe that sociohydrology is a field of hydrology. They note that there is a tendency in sociohydrology publications to borrow fashionable syntaxes and popular concepts from other fields, but it does not take into account the previous and current advances in the study of human-water related systems, which have already been obtained in hydrology. As a conclusion to this review article on sociohydrology, one can support the opinion of K. Madani and M. Shafiee-Jood, who note that the valuable contribution of sociohydrologists lies not in their “new science”, models, ambitious statements, but in their persistence and reminding hydrologists of the need to take into account the human factor. With regard to the Ukrainian realities in the context of sociohydrology, or studies of the “man – water” system, practical and scientific aspects can be noted: a) practical – after the signing of the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement (2014), a system of integrated water resources management is being implemented in Ukraine by implementing the provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive into the practice of water relations; by 2024, river basin management plans should be developed, which to a certain extent take into account the interrelated manifestations of the linked system “man – water”; b) scientific – Ukrainian scientists need to use the world experience in applying research methods to integrate hydrological and socio-economic aspects of water resources planning, given that there are social, economic and hydrological subsystems in socio-hydrological systems that are causally related; such an approach would allow, for example, to give a clear answer to the question about the significance of the Dnieper cascade of reservoirs for the country.

FEATURES DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

In the modern world, gastronomic tourism is gaining popularity as an alternative to all the usual holidays. Gastronomic tourism is a type of tourism-related to acquaintance with the production, technology of preparation and tasting of national dishes and drinks, as well as with the culinary traditions of the peoples of the world. A gastronomic journey is a way of expressing a traveller’s understanding of a country. There are well-known gastronomic destinations in the world, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Belgium, Portugal, the United States (especially California in the Napa and Sonoma Valley), Brazil, Peru, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Chile, Malaysia, Japan, Indonesia, Bali, China, or Singapore. Gastronomy tourists include the following categories: tourists who are tired of ordinary tourism; tourists who want to make a difference in their diet; gourmets; tourists whose work is related to cooking and eating; representatives of travel companies are interested in organizing their own gastronomy. The top 5 popular gourmet tours in the world are analyzed. Some popular destinations for tasty trips, namely, countries with specific national cuisine (Italy, France, Japan, China, Thailand); regions that are famous for their products (in France, for example, Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne, have become innovators in the wine industry); the most famous restaurants of the country that are famous for their cuisine, marked by Michelin stars and International ratings (in Italy – “La Pergola” (Rome), Japan – Koji (Tokyo), England – Fet Duck (Bray) and others); enterprises that have become world leaders in the production of various products (Swiss chocolate factory “Alprose”, German breweries “Ettal” and “Andeks”, Swiss cheese factory “Gruyere”). Top 10 countries by number of Michelin starred restaurants are highlighted. Current gastronomic tours abroad are characterized. The results of the Gastronomic Tourism Forum in Spain, which will positively influence the development of gastronomic tourism in the world, are analyzed.

THE EVOLUTION OF VIEWS IN ATLAS CARTOGRAPHY: FROM PAPER ATLAS CONCEPT TO ATLAS PLATFORM

Modern atlas cartography has a number of unsolved problems, among which a special place is occupied by the renewal of the atlas concept and approaches to the atlas development and maintenance of atlases functioning. To study this problem, the article analyzes the evolution of the atlas concept in time and in the context of cartography paradigms. The key elements of the concept of the atlas in the “paper age” were format in the form of books with a certain fixed set of structural elements and a unified layout, atlas as a system of maps, atlas as a model of geosystem, atlas as a tool for storytelling, atlas as a tool for communication information and knowledge, atlas as a research tool. The greatest theoretical contribution to atlas cartography of the pre-computer age was given to G. Mercator and representatives of the model-cognitive paradigm of cartography. It is established that with the advent of electronic atlases in the late 1980s and atlas information systems in the 1990s, the generation of new atlas concepts is carried out in the field of geovisualization and communicative paradigm of cartography, which focused on high-quality visualization of maps (data sets) and communication of information in the form of a “story” or geoportal. It was found that in the late 2000s, atlases began to be transformed into complex information systems (atlas platforms) with a branched atlas infrastructure for multiple creation of atlases of the same type in technical implementation and concept. These innovations are primarily driven by cybercartographers, the Swiss school of cartography and the relational cartography.A number of problems of modern atlas concepts are indicated, including excessive focus on technology and users, as well as ignoring cognitive capabilities of atlases for geosystem research. Further conceptualization of atlases as models of geosystems and a unique class of cartographic information systems are named as priority areas of research.

OLENA STEPANIV – USS AND UGA OFFICER, UKRAINIAN DIPLOMAT, GEOGRAPHER, GEOLOGIST

Peculiarities of life, military, the diplomatic activity of O. I. Stepaniv, PhD in Geography, as well as her scientific achievements as a Ukrainian geographer and geologist, are revealed. The biography of O. I. Stepaniv (1892–1963) absorbed all the complexities of the twentieth century. A woman who aspired to comprehend science and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Lviv University devoted her youth to the struggle for independence of Ukraine. As an extraordinary person, she achieved success in military affairs even in these difficult times – she became an officer in the armies of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army; carried out significant public work to establish the Republic of Western Ukraine and became its diplomatic representative. At the same time, she continued her studies, was able to write and defend a dissertation in Vienna and obtain a doctor degree (PhD) in history and geography. From 1921 until her arrest for “anti-Soviet” activities in 1949, O. I. Stepaniv taught and conducted scientific work, in particular, on economic and social geography. It is noted that her works on the geography of transport can be considered as “forerunners” of geologistics, which emerged as a direction of geographical research only at the beginning of the XXI century. It is proved that O.I. Stepaniv views on the geopolitical, transport-geographical position of the Ukrainian lands were much ahead of the current level of comprehension of geographical material and still need their study. The authors emphasize that her transport and geographical works, in particular, dedicated to the city of Lviv (1943), are geologistical in their approach and in many respects “resonate” with the modern vision of the geopolitical and geologistical potential of Ukraine as an independent Europian state. The authors give an example of a modern EU project in the field of transport logistics “Three Seas Initiative”, aimed at developing the transport network of the Baltic-Adriatic-Black Seas region, to which Ukraine is invited as a strategically important partner (although it is not yet a full member of the EU).

HOUSING SUBURBANIZATION: PRACTICES OF TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF IRPIN

The research substantiates the feasibility of applying a socio-geographical approach to the study of housing suburbanization, in particular, to assess the transformation of housing development on the example of the city of Irpin. The paper outlines the main conditions and factors of the growth of housing suburbanization of the city of Irpin. It was found that the city of Irpin has a positive population growth due to migration processes, the city is famous for its parks, squares and green areas, the embankment of the river Irpin. The city has a powerful industrial complex and a developed social sphere. All this and the proximity of the city of Irpin to the capital make it favorable for living. The branch of housing construction in the city is characterized, the prevailing class and type of building are determined. It was found out that the city is carrying out intensive housing construction of various forms and formats, there are significant indicators of capital investment in housing construction. Accordingly, the city’s housing stock has a steady upward trend. It has been studied that Irpin ranks second after the Kyiv-Sviatoshynskyi district in terms of housing commissioning and is the leader in this indicator among the satellite cities of Kyiv. It is established that quarantine restrictions have caused a number of changes and transformations of values in the housing sector. This was mainly reflected in the priority of their own living space for each family member, there was a need for separate places for distance learning or work, for leisure with all family members. It turned out that the key criterion for choosing housing was comfort for all family members. It is determined that in the residential real estate market there are changes in favor of larger and more comfortable apartments in the satellite cities of Kyiv at significantly lower prices than in the capital. The adjacent space of the complex and the availability and accessibility of social infrastructure also became important. There are tendencies to the formation of a polycentric city, where next to the public center of the first level, three more public centers of lower level are convincingly distinguished in the city: “Western”, “Southern” and “North-Eastern”. As a result of the interviews, residents identified a number of problems of urban development, including the time spent by residents to get to the place of work, road congestion due to increased urban development, including new housing in the city, insufficient development of social infrastructure due to the increase of new buildings and, accordingly, the increase in the number of inhabitants, high prices for utilities, the problem of inefficiency of transport connections with the city of Kiyv. Some problems also concerned the unsatisfactory sanitary condition of the city’s green areas, poor housing and communal services, poor organization of public transport, lack of parking spaces, chaotic construction, overcrowding of schools and kindergartens, and sometimes the presence of corruption. The main prospects of the city development are substantiated, in particular changes of its planning structure from monocentric to polycentric, development of peripheral territories of the city, creation of new public spaces, necessity of development of zoning plans and detailed plans of the territory, etc.

SPATIAL FEATURES OF FUNCTIONING OF THE RAILWAY TRANSPORT NETWORK IN WESTERN UKRAINE

In terms of the development level, the total length of communication lines, the volume of passengers and cargo transportation, railway transport plays an important role in the economy of Western Ukraine. It was born in the 70s of the XIX century. It went through the stages of rapid extensive development, maturity and intensive development. Today, the railways are experiencing a renaissance in many countries of the world. Ukraine is still at the beginning of this stage. Drawing up socio-economic growth projects, it is impossible for a detailed analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of railway transport. Also, it is important to research the mutual influence of the railway transport network and the entire socio-economic system in general. The aim of the study is to determine the spatial features of the railway network of Western Ukraine, and the main task – based on open data OpenStreetMap, to analyze the availability of the railway network in the context of regions, districts and cities of regional subordination of Western Ukraine using the indicators the transport network density and the Engel’s coefficient. Due to the difficulty of accessing official statistics at the local level, both official statistics and open data from the OpenStreetMap mapping service were used. As a result of the research, it was revealed that Lviv region is distinguished by the level of the railway network development in the region; the highest concentration of the network is observed near regional centers, especially around the regional center of Lviv; high concentration of railways is near large transport railway junctions (Kovel, Zdolbuniv, Dubno, Sarny, Stryi, Khodoriv, Korolevo, Delyatyn); increased concentration along the western state border; increased concentration in the Precarpathians, as an area of old industrial development; reduced concentration in the Ukrainian Carpathians (the influence of the relief) and in the north of the region (historical and geographical factors); 19 administrative-territorial units of the second level do not have railways on their territory. In general, at the local level (districts, cities of regional subordination) the same patterns can be observed as at the regional level (regions).