scholarly journals Young children’s ability to make predictions about novel illnesses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine M DeJesus ◽  
Shruthi Venkatesh ◽  
Katherine Kinzler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Real World ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Disease Spreading

Understanding disease transmission is a complex problem highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These studies test whether 3- to 6-year-old children in the United States use information about social interactions to predict disease transmission. Before and during COVID-19, children predicted illness would spread through close interactions. Older children outperformed younger children, with no associations between task performance and pandemic experience. Children did not predict that being hungry or tired would similarly spread through close interactions. Participants include 196 3—6-year-olds (53% girls, 47% boys; 68% White, 9% Black, 7% Asian, 6% Hispanic or Latinx), with medium-sized effects (d=0.6, ηp2=0.3). These findings suggest that thinking about social interaction supports young children’s predictions about illness, with noted limitations regarding children’s real-world avoidance of disease-spreading behaviors.

scholarly journals Setting the Ground Rules: Use and Practice of Ground Rules in Child Forensic Interviews

2020 ◽  
pp. 107755952091078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie B. Fessinger ◽  
Kelly McWilliams ◽  
Faizun N. Bakth ◽  
Thomas D. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Forensic Interviews ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Investigative Interview ◽  
Practice Questions ◽  
Forensic Interviewing

Most child forensic interviewing protocols recommend that interviewers administer a series of ground rules to emphasize concepts that are important to accurately answering interview questions. Limited research has examined whether interviewers follow ground rules recommendations in real-world forensic interviews. In this study, we examined how often highly trained interviewers presented and practiced each of the recommended ground rules. We also examined whether children accurately responded to practice questions. We coded transcripts from 241 forensic interviews of 4- to 12-year-old children conducted by interviewers in the United States who were largely trained using the Ten Step Investigative Interview. Results demonstrated that interviewers routinely presented and practiced the ground rules, but this significantly varied by children’s age. Additionally, children often accurately responded to practice questions, but younger children were less accurate than older children. Taken together, results highlight that interviewers may deviate from ground rules recommendations based on the characteristics of the child, which has implications for both future research and practice.

scholarly journals Perceived Changes in Sexuality during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults in the United States

Sexes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-344
Author(s):  
Jessamyn Bowling ◽  
Erika Montanaro ◽  
Sarai Guerrero-Ordonez ◽  
Stuti Joshi ◽  
Diana Gioia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Sex Drive ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Sexual Experimentation

In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic has decreased partnered sexual behavior and increased the use of enhancement (e.g., toys). This has been partly attributed to reduced social interactions and stress. However, individuals’ perceptions of changes are missing in research. This study aims to examine how adults perceive changes in their sexuality during the pandemic. We conducted a nationwide survey of US adults from April–June 2020 (N = 326). This qualitative study examines the open-ended responses using thematic analyses. The following themes emerged from the data: (1) changes in the purpose of sex; (2) changes in sexual identity; (3) decreases in sex drive and desire; (4) increases in sex drive and desire; (5) fluctuations in sex drive and desire; (6) increased sexual experimentation and reflection. The stress, changes in home responsibilities and living situations, and time spent with partners (more or less) has affected individuals by increasing or decreasing their sex drive and desire. Participants responded to changes with self-reflection and awareness, and incorporating new practices (e.g., technology, kink). The purpose of sex has shifted in order to gain intimacy or connect, or to pass time. These changes were perceived as both positive and negative, and more research is needed to determine the durability of these changes.

scholarly journals Real-World Fetal Exposure to Acne Treatments in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis from 2006 to 2015

Drug Safety ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasser Albogami ◽  
Amir Sarayani ◽  
Juan M. Hincapie-Castillo ◽  
Almut G. Winterstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fetal Exposure

scholarly journals Cultural Influences on the Regulation of Energy Intake and Obesity: A Qualitative Study Comparing Food Customs and Attitudes to Eating in Adults from France and the United States

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Maria Carlota Dao ◽  
Sophie Thiron ◽  
Ellen Messer ◽  
Camille Sergeant ◽  
Anne Sévigné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The U.S

(1) Background: The influence of food culture on eating behavior and obesity risk is poorly understood. (2) Methods: In this qualitative study, 25 adults in France with or without overweight/obesity participated in semi-structured interviews (n = 10) or focus groups (n = 15) to examine attitudes to food consumption and external pressures that influence eating behavior and weight management. Results were compared to an equivalent study conducted in the United States, thereby contrasting two countries with markedly different rates of obesity. Emerging key themes in the French data were identified through coding using a reflexive approach. (3) Results: The main themes identified were: (1) influence of commensality, social interactions, and pleasure from eating on eating behavior, (2) having a balanced and holistic approach to nutrition, (3) the role of environmental concerns in food consumption, (4) relationship with “natural” products (idealized) and food processing (demonized), (5) perceptions of weight status and management. Stress and difficulties in hunger cue discernment were viewed as important obstacles to weight management in both countries. External pressures were described as a major factor that explicitly influences food consumption in the U.S., while there was an implicit influence of external pressures through eating-related social interactions in France. In France, products considered “natural” where idealized and juxtaposed against processed and “industrial” products, whereas this was not a salient aspect in the U.S. (4) Conclusions: This first comparative qualitative study assessing aspects of food culture and eating behaviors across countries identifies both common and divergent attitudes to food and eating behavior. Further studies are needed to inform the development of effective behavioral interventions to address obesity in different populations.

scholarly journals P-21 Real-world outcomes in patients with advanced or metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. S103
Author(s):  
D. Beachler ◽  
F. Lamy ◽  
F. Kolitsopoulos ◽  
J. Dinh ◽  
A. Papazian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gastric Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Real World ◽  
The United States

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242942098252
Author(s):  
Justin J. West
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Teacher Professional Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

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