scholarly journals A new model for recovery-from-extinction effects in Pavlovian conditioning and exposure therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Nihei ◽  
Daiki Hojo ◽  
Tsunehiko Tanaka ◽  
Kosuke Sawa
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Associative Model ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
New Perspective

Exposure therapy is an effective intervention for anxiety-related problems. A mechanism of this intervention has been the extinction procedure in Pavlovian conditioning, and their findings have provided many effective intervention strategies that can promote the effect of and prevent relapse following exposure sessions. However, traditional associative theories that have explained Pavlovian conditioning cannot comprehensively explain their findings. In particular, it was difficult to explain the recovery-from-extinction effects, which is the reappearance of conditioned response following extinction. In this study, we propose a new associative model that can deal with procedures that promote an effect of extinction and many recovery-from-extinction effects. The cores of this model are that the asymptotic strength of the inhibitory association depends on the degree of excitatory association retrieved in a context in which CS is presented and that the retrieval is determined by the similarity between contexts during reinforcement and non-reinforcement and the present context. Moreover, this model assumes that these similarities change under specific conditions. By adding these assumptions to the traditional framework, many difficulties in explaining these phenomena can be resolved. Our model can provide not only a new perspective in associative learning, but also many implications for exposure therapy.

scholarly journals On the role of responses in Pavlovian acquisition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ghirlanda ◽  
Magnus Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Key Pecking ◽  
Lever Pressing

A defining feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the unconditioned stimulus (US) is delivered whether or not the animal performs a conditioned response (CR). This has lead to the question: Does CR performance play any role in learning? Between the 1930's and 1970's, a consensus emerged that CR acquisition is driven by CS-US experiences, and that CRs play a minimal role, if any. Here we revisit the question and present two new quantitative methods to evaluate whether CRs influence the course of learning. Our results suggest that CRs play an important role in Pavlovian acquisition, in such paradigms as rabbit eyeblink conditioning, pigeon autoshaped key pecking, and rat autoshaped lever pressing and magazine entry.

scholarly journals Multi-Step Tail Biting Outbreak Intervention Protocols for Pigs Housed on Slatted Floors

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen-Yun Chou ◽  
Keelin O’Driscoll ◽  
Rick B. D’Eath ◽  
Dale A. Sandercock ◽  
Irene Camerlink
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Know How ◽  
Tail Biting

Solutions are needed to keep pigs under commercial conditions without tail biting outbreaks (TBOs). However, as TBOs are inevitable, even in well managed farms, it is crucial to know how to manage TBOs when they occur. We evaluated the effectiveness of multi-step intervention protocols to control TBOs. Across 96 pens (1248 undocked pigs) managed on fully-slatted floors, 40 TBOs were recorded (≥3 out of 12–14 pigs with fresh tail wounds). When an outbreak was identified, either the biters or the victims were removed, or enrichment (three ropes) was added. If the intervention failed, another intervention was randomly used until all three interventions had been deployed once. Fifty percent of TBOs were controlled after one intervention, 30% after 2–3 interventions, and 20% remained uncontrolled. A high proportion of biters/victims per pen reduced intervention success more so than the type of intervention. When only one intervention was used, adding ropes was the fastest method to overcome TBOs. Removed biters and victims were successfully reintroduced within 14 days back to their home pens. In conclusion, 80% of TBOs were successfully controlled within 18.4 ± 1.7 days on average using one or multiple cost-effective intervention strategies.

Is the avoiding of operant theory a Pavlovian conditioned response?

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Claudia D. Cardinal ◽  
Matthew E. Andrzejewski ◽  
Philip N. Hineline
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Selection By Consequences

The proposed heavy dependence on Pavlovian conditioning to account for social behavior confounds phylogenically and ontogenically selected behavior patterns and ignores the extension of the principle of selection by consequences from biological to learning theory. Instead of acknowledging operant relations, Domjan et al. construct vaguely specified mechanisms based upon anticipatory cost-benefit considerations that are not supported by the Pavlovian conditioning literature.

scholarly journals Development of behavioural automaticity by extended Pavlovian training in an insect

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1894) ◽  
pp. 20182132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Mizunami ◽  
Sho Hirohata ◽  
Ai Sato ◽  
Ryoichi Arai ◽  
Kanta Terao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Outcome Expectancy ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
And Control

The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended training of Pavlovian conditioning in any animals. Here we show that crickets Gryllus bimaculatus that had received minimal training to associate an odour with water (unconditioned stimulus, US) did not exhibit conditioned response (CR) to the odour when they were given water until satiation before the test, but those that had received extended training exhibited CR even when they were satiated with water. Further pharmacological experiments suggested that octopamine neurons, the invertebrate counterparts of noradrenaline neurons, mediate US value signals and control execution of CR after minimal training, but the control diminishes with the progress of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to US devaluation. The results suggest that repetitive sensory experiences can lead to a change from a goal-driven response to a more automatic one in crickets.

scholarly journals Group Therapy Treatment for Food Selectivity (FS17-05-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Logie ◽  
Courtney Gengler ◽  
Lesley Wofford ◽  
Emily Hecht
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Token Economy ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
Evidenced Based

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this quality improvement project was to implement a group exposure therapy intervention to more efficiently serve the patients that are referred to our hospital due to severe food selectivity. Methods The intervention used evidenced-based practices such as systematic desensitization, a token economy, counterconditioning, and parent training to help patients expand their food repertoire. The intervention is a 12-week multi-family group therapy for children that range in age from 4–14. Patients are placed into groups of no more than six members of similar age. In 11 of the sessions, therapists direct patients through an exposure hierarchy with novel foods and record the number of bites patients take of each food. In 4–5 sessions, a psychologist meets with parents separately to discuss how to use exposure therapy to treat food selectivity. We examined data from the groups that ran from March 2016 to June 2018. Results Using a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test, we compared the number of bites of novel foods that patients took in the first and last food exposure sessions. Results indicated that patients took significantly more bites of novel foods in the last group (median = 34) compared to the first group (median = 8.5), z = 4.79, P < .001. Conclusions The outcomes of this project suggest that time-limited group interventions may help children who struggle with severe food selectivity. Time-limited groups also may also decrease treatment wait time for patients with severe food selectivity because patients can be seen simultaneously and with clear start and end date for the service. Funding Sources N/A. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Impact of Theory of Accident Causation on Intervention Strategies

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper E. Shealy
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Intervention ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The Way

Paper shows how the belief that one has about how accidents happen (Theory of Accident Causation) affects the design of the Accident Report Form, the type of information gathered, the nature of your accident data base, the analysis of the data and, finally, the way in which you intervene in the situation. Two different approaches are examined, one which is typical of most existing systems, the other represents a much improved system that points the way to more effective intervention strategies.

ADHD in the Classroom: Effective Intervention Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. DuPaul ◽  
Lisa L. Weyandt ◽  
Grace M. Janusis
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Effective Intervention

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF POST-RETRIEVAL EXTINCTION ON THE RETURN OF CONDITIONED RESPONSES IN HUMANS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Fonseca Zuccolo ◽  
Maria Helena Leite Hunziker
Keyword(s):  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Single Presentation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Conditioned Responses

We conducted a preliminary study to replicate the experiment by Schiller et al. (2010), who found that conditional responses (CR) may be permanently inhibited through post-retrieval extinction, a procedure in which subjects are exposed to a stimulus that was present during conditioning (retrieval cue), such as the presentation of the CS without the US or a single presentation of the US alone, followed by extinction. Eleven adult participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning with three colored squares (CS), two of which (CSa+ and CSb+) were paired with a mild electrical stimulation (US), whereas a third stimulus was never paired with a US (CS-). Twenty-four hours later, the participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control) and underwent extinction, which consisted of presenting all CSs without the US. For the experimental group only, a retrieval cue consisting of a single presentation of the CSa+ and CS- without the US was administered 10 min before extinction. In the test phase, the US was administered four times and then followed by a ten-minute interval and a new extinction procedure. Skin conductance responses to the stimuli were measured. Groups did not differ from each other. They presented equivalent levels of conditioning and extinction as well as an increase in CR amplitudes following the presentation of all stimuli in the test phase. These data do not replicate findings from the original study, suggesting that further analyses are needed to identify variables that control Pavlovian conditioning and extinction in humans. Key words: Pavlovian conditioning, post-retrieval extinction, reconsolidation, skin conductance, humans.

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