Nonmedical Interventions for Schizophrenia: A Review of Diet, Exercise and Social Roles

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/8fm32 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel S. Helman

Keyword(s):

Term Treatment ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Short Term ◽

Alternative Interventions ◽

Social Interventions ◽

General Utility ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

Schizophrenia is a major mental illness with a disease course that is influenced by lifestyle. The risk-benefit ratio for alternative interventions is more favorable than for antipsychotics in long-term treatment. Dietary interventions may target autoimmune features, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, abnormal lipid metabolism, gluten sensitivity or others. Examples of interventions involving diet, physical activity or physical processes, or social interventions including talk therapy exist in the literature. Notwithstanding, the general utility of these types of interventions remains inconclusive, awaiting long-term randomized trials. A perspective that separates the cause of the disease from its symptoms may be helpful in treatment planning and is warranted to distinguish between short-term and long-term recovery goals.

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Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: An 8-Week, Open-Label Study

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900006520 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

pp. 64-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gary A. Christenson ◽

Scott J. Crow ◽

James E. Mitchell ◽

Thomas B. Mackenzie ◽

Ross D. Crosby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Response ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Hair Pulling ◽

Short Term ◽

Open Label ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Open Label Study ◽

Label Study ◽

Long Term Treatment

AbstractThis short-term, open-label study investigates short- and long-term effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM). Additionally, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the presence of hair pulling compulsiveness is predictive of SSRI response. Nineteen subjects meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised, (DSM-III-R) criteria for TTM were treated with fluvoxamine at doses up to 300 mg/day. Random regression analysis of change across time for patients who completed the study (n=14) and those who dropped out (n=5) revealed statistically significant improvements in Physician Rating Scale, hair-pulling episodes, Trichotillomania Impairment Scale, and Trichotillomania Symptom Severity Scale, but not in estimated amount of hair pulled. In addition, the percentage of patients' focused or compulsive hair-pulling symptoms was predictive of treatment response. Unfortunately, all three subjects who entered long-term treatment displayed substantial movement back toward baseline by the end of 6 months. We concluded that fluvoxamine produces moderate reductions in symptoms during the short-term treatment of TTM and that the presence of focused or compulsive hair pulling may be predictive of treatment response. However, responses may be short lived when treatment is extended.

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The endocrine pancreas in non-diabetic rats after short-term and long-term treatment with the long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211

Apmis ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0463.2003.apm1111207.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 111 (12) ◽

pp. 1117-1124 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

TROELS BOCK ◽

BENTE PAKKENBERG ◽

KARSTEN BUSCHARD

Keyword(s):

Endocrine Pancreas ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Long Acting

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Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients

Current Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1574884714666190905162237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 110-124

Author(s):

Joy E. Ikekpeazu ◽

Oliver C. Orji ◽

Ikenna K. Uchendu ◽

Lawrence U.S. Ezeanyika

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Term Administration ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

One Year

Background and Objective: There may be a possible link between the use of HAART and oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV patients. We evaluated the mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients attending the Enugu State University Teaching (ESUT) Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria following short and long-term therapy. Methods: 96 patients categorized into four groups of 24 individuals were recruited for the study. Group 1 comprised of age-matched, apparently healthy, sero-negative individuals (the No HIV group); group 2 consisted of HIV sero-positive individuals who had not started any form of treatment (the Treatment naïve group). Individuals in group 3 were known HIV patients on HAART for less than one year (Short-term treatment group), while group 4 comprised of HIV patients on HAART for more than one year (Long-term treatment group). All patients were aged between 18 to 60 years and attended the HIV clinic at the time of the study. Determination of total antioxidant status (TAS in nmol/l), malondialdehyde (MDA in mmol/l), CD4+ count in cells/μl, and genomic studies were all done using standard operative procedures. Results: We found that the long-term treatment group had significantly raised the levels of MDA, as well as significantly diminished TAS compared to the Short-term treatment and No HIV groups (P<0.05). In addition, there was significantly elevated variation in the copy number of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA: D-loop, ATPase 8, TRNALEU uur) in the long-term treatment group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Long-term treatment with HAART increases oxidative stress and causes mitochondrial alterations in HIV patients.

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A Review of Metabolic Parameters in Quetiapine Studies Across Diagnoses

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71247-7 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

J. Newcomer ◽

R. Ratner ◽

M. Åström ◽

H. Eriksson

Keyword(s):

Atypical Antipsychotics ◽

Extended Release ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Metabolic Parameters ◽

Short Term ◽

Pooled Data ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Potential Risks ◽

The Difference

Background:Data pertaining to changes in weight during long-term treatment with quetiapine (QTP) have been published previously (1).Methods:Pooled data are presented from 26 short-term clinical studies (up to 12 weeks) of QTP or quetiapine extended-release (QTP XR)-as monotherapy or adjunct therapy-conducted by AstraZeneca up to November 2007. Studies were conducted in adult patients (18-65 years) across a number of psychiatric diagnoses. Variables were analyzed irrespective of fasting status with similar analyses planned in the fasting subset. LSM changes from baseline for the difference between QTP and placebo are presented.Results:Approximately 10000 patients were included in the analyses, 70% of whom were treated with QTP or QTP XR. Across the entire short-term dataset, the difference in LSM change in weight for QTP vs. placebo was 1.07 kg. Corresponding differences in glucose regulation parameters were 1.39 mg/dL for glucose and 0.04% units for HbA1C. the overall difference in total cholesterol was 5.48 mg/dL, with differences in HDL and LDL cholesterol of -0.62 mg/dL and 1.69 mg/dL. the difference in LSM change in triglycerides was 22.62 mg/dL.Discussion:Within the context of balancing potential risks against the acknowledged benefits of atypical antipsychotics, the degree and significance of variations in metabolic parameters is an area of continued interest. This analysis helps clinicians to better understand changes in important metabolic parameters across trials with QTP and QTP XR, and the size and uniqueness of the dataset permits further analyses within this important area.Supported by funding from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.

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Protein Metabolism in Acromegaly: Differential Effects of Short- and Long-Term Treatment

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2006-0664 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 1479-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

James Gibney ◽

Troels Wolthers ◽

Morton G. Burt ◽

Kin-Chuen Leung ◽

A. Margot Umpleby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Oxidation ◽

Protein Metabolism ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Protein Breakdown ◽

Short Term ◽

Leucine Oxidation ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Short And Long Term

Abstract Context: GH acutely increases body protein by stimulating protein synthesis and reducing protein oxidation. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether these changes in protein metabolism are sustained in long-term GH excess and reversed by correction. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 16 acromegalic and 18 normal subjects and a longitudinal study in which acromegalic subjects were studied before and after short-term (n = 8) or long-term (n = 10) treatment. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Main Outcome Measures: Whole-body rates of leucine appearance (leucine Ra; an index of protein breakdown), leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD; an index of protein synthesis) estimated using infusion of 1-[13C] leucine were measured. Results: Leucine Ra and NOLD were greater (P < 0.01) in acromegalic compared with normal subjects, whereas leucine oxidation did not differ. Leucine oxidation increased significantly (P < 0.05) after short-term treatment but returned to baseline after long-term treatment. Both leucine Ra and NOLD decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after short- and long-term treatment. Adjustment for body composition did not affect results. Conclusions: In acromegalic subjects, protein breakdown and synthesis are increased, whereas protein oxidation does not differ from normal subjects. Protein oxidation increases transiently, whereas protein breakdown and synthesis are stably reduced after treatment. Because protein oxidation represents irreversible loss, we conclude that the normal state of protein oxidation found in acromegaly and after long-term treatment represents metabolic adaptation, which maintains protein mass at a steady state after stable changes in GH status.

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INFLUENCE OF GONADAL HORMONES ON THE ACTION OF CALCITONIN IN THE RAT

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0680585 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 585-596 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

O. Helmer Serensen ◽

Inge Hindberg

Keyword(s):

Serum Calcium ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Gonadal Hormones ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Female Rats ◽

Short Term ◽

Oestrogen Treatment ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Long Term Treatment

ABSTRACT The influence of short-term and long-term treatment with gonadal hormones on the response to calcitonin was investigated in the rat. Oestrogen-treatment, short-term as well as long-term, resulted in a reduced responsiveness to calcitonin. Long-term treatment with androgens enhanced the hypocalcaemic effect of calcitonin in castrated rats of either sex, but reduced the effect in intact animals. No sex differences could be registered in the sensitivity to calcitonin, when intact animals were compared according to age, while marked differences were observed, when the animals were compared according to weight. There was a linear decrease in the response to calcitonin with increasing age in rats of both sexes. An intraperitoneal calcium load was followed by an acute rise in the serum calcium levels. The adult animals counteracted the hypercalcaemia more slowly than the young ones. Significant differences also occurred between male and female rats, the rise in the serum calcium concentration being much more pronounced in the latter group. The hypocalcaemic activity of thyroid tissue from rats of both sexes and of various ages showed considerable variations, but no differences correlated to age or sex.

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Short-term and long-term treatment with propafenone: determinants of arrhythmia suppression, persistence of efficacy, arrhythmogenesis, and side effects in patients with symptoms.

Heart ◽

10.1136/hrt.67.6.491 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 491-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M Zehender ◽

S Hohnloser ◽

A Geibel ◽

A Furtwangler ◽

M Olschewski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Term Treatment

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What Is a Clinically Relevant Improvement in Quality of Life in Adults With ADHD?

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054715580395 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 65-75

Author(s):

Yoko Tanaka ◽

Meryl Brod ◽

Jeannine R. Lane ◽

Himanshu Upadhyaya

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Minimal Clinically Important Difference ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Short Term ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Clinically Important Difference ◽

Long Term Treatment

Objective: To estimate a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the adult ADHD Quality of Life (AAQoL) scale. Method: The MCID was determined from data from short-term ( N = 537) and long-term ( N = 440), placebo-controlled atomoxetine trials in adults with ADHD. For the anchor-based approach, change in clinician-rated Clinical Global Impressions–ADHD–Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) scores was used to derive MCID. For the distribution-based approach, baseline-to-endpoint mean ( SD) changes in AAQoL scores corresponding to 0.5 SD were computed. Results: The MCID was similar (approximately 8-point difference) between the short-term and the long-term treatment groups when either the anchor-based or distribution-based approach was used. Conclusion: These results suggest that approximately 8 points in the change from baseline on the AAQoL is a MCID.

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