Speech development between 30 and 119 months in typical children II: Articulation rate growth curves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Mahr ◽  
Jennifer U. Soriano ◽  
Paul J. Rathouz ◽  
Katherine Hustad
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normative Growth ◽  
Utterance Length

Purpose: We aimed to develop normative growth curves for articulation rate during sentence repetition for typically developing children. Our primary goal was the development of quantile/percentile growth curves, so that typical variation in articulation rate with age could be estimated. We also estimated when children became adultlike in their articulation rate and we examined the contributions of age and utterance length to articulation rate.Method: This cross-sectional study involved collection of in-person speech samples from 570 typically developing children (297 girls; 273 boys) who passed speech, language, and hearing screening measures. Pauses greater than 150 ms in duration were removed from the samples, and articulation rate was measured in syllables per second (sps).Results: Articulation rate reliably increased with age and utterance length. Rate in all key percentiles increased with age. The median rate (50th percentile) increased from 2.7 sps at 36 months to 3.3 sps at 96 months. The 5th percentile increased from 2.3 to 3.1 sps over the same age range. Using 3.2 sps as a benchmark for adultlike speech, we found the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles reached adultlike rates at 99, 75, and 53 months, respectively.Conclusions: Articulation rate increases from early childhood into middle childhood, and it is generally adultlike by 10 years of age. Variability in articulation rate among typical children was substantial. Implications for prior research and for clinical usage are discussed.

scholarly journals Speech Development Between 30 and 119 Months in Typical Children II: Articulation Rate Growth Curves

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tristan J. Mahr ◽  
Jennifer U. Soriano ◽  
Paul J. Rathouz ◽  
Katherine C. Hustad
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normative Growth ◽  
Utterance Length

Purpose We aimed to develop normative growth curves for articulation rate during sentence repetition for typically developing children. Our primary goal was the development of quantile/percentile growth curves so that typical variation in articulation rate with age could be estimated. We also estimated when children became adultlike in their articulation rate, and we examined the contributions of age and utterance length to articulation rate. Method This cross-sectional study involved collection of in-person speech samples from 570 typically developing children (297 girls; 273 boys) who passed speech, language, and hearing screening measures. Pauses greater than 150 ms in duration were removed from the samples, and articulation rate was measured in syllables per second (sps). Results Articulation rate reliably increased with age and utterance length. Rate in all key percentiles increased with age. The median rate (50th percentile) increased from 2.7 sps at 36 months to 3.3 sps at 96 months. The 5th percentile increased from 2.3 to 3.1 sps over the same age range. Using 3.2 sps as a benchmark for adultlike speech, we found the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles reached adultlike rates at 99, 75, and 53 months, respectively. Conclusions Articulation rate increases from early childhood into middle childhood, and it is generally adultlike by 10 years of age. Variability in articulation rate among typical children was substantial. Implications for prior research and for clinical usage are discussed.

scholarly journals Development of Speech Intelligibility Between 30 and 47 Months in Typically Developing Children: A Cross-Sectional Study of Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1675-1687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Hustad ◽  
Tristan Mahr ◽  
Phoebe E. M. Natzke ◽  
Paul J. Rathouz
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Normative Growth

Purpose We sought to establish normative growth curves for intelligibility development for the speech of typically developing children as revealed by objectively based orthographic transcription of elicited single-word and multiword utterances by naïve listeners. We also examined sex differences, and we compared differences between single-word and multiword intelligibility growth. Method One hundred sixty-four typically developing children (92 girls, 72 boys) contributed speech samples for this study. Children were between the ages of 30 and 47 months, and analyses examined 1-month age increments between these ages. Two different naïve listeners heard each child and made orthographic transcriptions of child-produced words and sentences ( n = 328 listeners). Average intelligibility scores for single-word productions and multiword productions were modeled using linear regression, which estimated normal-model quantile age trajectories for single- and multiword utterances. Results We present growth curves showing steady linear change over time in 1-month increments from 30 to 47 months for 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. Results showed that boys did not differ from girls and that, prior to 35 months of age, single words were more intelligible than multiword productions. Starting at 41 months of age, the reverse was true. Multiword intelligibility grew at a faster rate than single-word intelligibility. Conclusions Children make steady progress in intelligibility development through 47 months, and only a small number of children approach 100% intelligibility by this age. Intelligibility continues to develop past the fourth year of life. There is considerable variability among children with regard to intelligibility development. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12330956

scholarly journals Speech Development Between 30 and 119 Months in Typical Children I: Intelligibility Growth Curves for Single-Word and Multiword Productions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Katherine C. Hustad ◽  
Tristan J. Mahr ◽  
Phoebe Natzke ◽  
Paul J. Rathouz
Keyword(s):  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Age Range

Purpose We extended our earlier study on normative growth curves for intelligibility development in typical children from 30 to 119 months of age. We also determined quantile-specific age of steepest growth and growth rates. A key goal was to establish age-specific benchmarks for single-word and multiword intelligibility. Method This cross-sectional study involved collection of in-person speech samples from 538 typically developing children (282 girls and 256 boys) who passed speech, language, and hearing screening measures. One thousand seventy-six normal-hearing naïve adult listeners (280 men and 796 women) orthographically transcribed children's speech. Speech intelligibility was measured as the percentage of words transcribed correctly by naive adults, with single-word and multiword intelligibility outcomes modeled separately. Results The age range for 50% single-word intelligibility was 31–47 months (50th–5th percentiles), the age range for 75% single-word intelligibility was 49–87 months, and the age range for 90% intelligibility for single words was 83–120+ months. The same milestones were attained for multiword intelligibility at 34–46, 46–61, and 62–87 months, respectively. The age of steepest growth for the 50th percentile was 30–31 months for both single-word and multiword intelligibility and was later for children in lower percentiles. The maximum growth rate was 1.7 intelligibility percentage points per month for single words and 2.5 intelligibility percentage points per month for multiword intelligibility. Conclusions There was considerable variability in intelligibility development among typical children. For children in median and lower percentiles, intelligibility growth continues through 9 years. Children should be at least 50% intelligible by 48 months.

Intelligibility, Articulation Rate, Fluency, and Communicative Efficiency in Typically Developing Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Theresa Schölderle ◽  
Elisabet Haas ◽  
Stefanie Baumeister ◽  
Wolfram Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Articulation Rate ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Communicative Efficiency

Purpose This article describes the developmental trajectories of four communication-related parameters (i.e., intelligibility, articulation rate, fluency, and communicative efficiency) in a cross-sectional study of typically developing children between 3 and 9 years. The four target parameters were related to auditory-perceptual parameters of speech function. Method One hundred forty-four typically developing children (ages 3;0–9;11 [years;months]; 72 girls and 72 boys) participated. Speech samples were collected using the materials of the Bogenhausen Dysarthria Scales for Childhood Dysarthria, a German assessment tool for childhood dysarthria, and analyzed following established auditory-perceptual criteria on relevant speech functions. To assess intelligibility, naïve listeners transcribed sentences repeated by the children. Articulation rate and fluency were measured by acoustic analyses; communicative efficiency was determined by multiplying the proportion of correctly transcribed syllables by speech rate. Results Intelligibility showed a steep developmental trajectory, with the majority of children obtaining a proportion of intelligible syllables close to 1.0 at the age of 5 years. Articulation rate demonstrated a flatter trajectory, with high variability still within the older children. Disfluencies, on the contrary, occurred only in the youngest children. By definition, communicative efficiency shared the characteristics of intelligibility and rate curves. A principal component analysis revealed, among other findings, strong connections between intelligibility and articulation, as well as between communicative efficiency, articulation, and rate measures. Conclusions While children speak intelligibly, in terms of the applied assessment, at a comparably young age, other communication-relevant parameters show a slower developmental progress. Knowledge on the typical development of communication-related parameters and on their complex relationships with functional speech variables is crucial for the clinical assessment of childhood dysarthria. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14880285

scholarly journals Acquisition of German Noun Plurals in Typically Developing Children and Children with Specific Language Impairment

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kauschke ◽  
Anna Kurth ◽  
Ulrike Domahs
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
German Children ◽  
Prosodic Structures

The present study investigates the acquisition of plural markers in German children with and without language impairments using an elicitation task. In the first cross-sectional study, 60 monolingual children between three and six years of age were tested. The results show significant improvements starting at the age of five. Plural forms which require a vowel change (umlaut) but no overt suffix were most challenging for all children. With regard to their error patterns, the typically developing children preferably overapplied the suffix -e to monosyllabic stems and added -s to stems ending in a trochee. Though the children made errors in plural markings, the prosodic structures of pluralized nouns were kept legitimate. In the second study, the production of plural markers in eight children with SLI was compared to age-matched and MLU-matched controls. Children with SLI performed at the level of the MLU-matched controls, showing subtle differences with regard to their error patterns, and their preferences in addition and substitution errors: In contrast to their typically developing peers, children with SLI preferred the frequent suffix -n in their overapplications, suggesting that they strongly rely on frequency-based cues. The findings are discussed from a morphophonological perspective.

scholarly journals Analysis of Verbal Fluency Output on Semantic Categories of ‘Food’ and ‘Vehicle’ in Typically Developing Malayalam Speaking Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 328-353
Author(s):  
John Sunila ◽  
Bellur Rajashekhar ◽  
Vasudeva Guddattu
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Task

Abstract In the wake of limited knowledge on verbal fluency performance in typically developing children, the present study aims at investigating the semantic fluency performance of Malayalam speaking children across age, gender and tasks. Using a cross-sectional study design, semantic fluency performance (on food and vehicle fluency tasks) was investigated in 1015 Malayalam speaking typically developing children aged 5 to 15 years. The findings revealed the positive influence of age and task with no substantial difference between gender groups, with good inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. The study outcomes depicted a distinct pattern of continuous and linear developmental trend in organizational strategies, with no specific age band showing any dramatic increase in performance. Semantic fluency as a task has great potential within the developmental context for understanding the highly language, culture, and task based word retrieval mechanism.

scholarly journals Fricative Contrast and Coarticulation in Children With and Without Speech Sound Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2S) ◽  
pp. 649-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Maas ◽  
Marja-Liisa Mailend
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Childhood Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Purpose The purpose of this study was, first, to expand our understanding of typical speech development regarding segmental contrast and anticipatory coarticulation, and second, to explore the potential diagnostic utility of acoustic measures of fricative contrast and anticipatory coarticulation in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Method In a cross-sectional design, 10 adults, 17 typically developing children, and 11 children with SSD repeated carrier phrases with novel words with fricatives (/s/, /ʃ/). Dependent measures were 2 ratios derived from spectral mean, obtained from perceptually accurate tokens. Group analyses compared adults and typically developing children; individual children with SSD were compared to their respective typically developing peers. Results Typically developing children demonstrated smaller fricative acoustic contrast than adults but similar coarticulatory patterns. Three children with SSD showed smaller fricative acoustic contrast than their typically developing peers, and 2 children showed abnormal coarticulation. The 2 children with abnormal coarticulation both had a clinical diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech; no clear pattern was evident regarding SSD subtype for smaller fricative contrast. Conclusions Children have not reached adult-like speech motor control for fricative production by age 10 even when fricatives are perceptually accurate. Present findings also suggest that abnormal coarticulation but not reduced fricative contrast is SSD-subtype–specific. Supplemental Materials S1: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5103070 . S2 and S3: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5106508

scholarly journals TEMPERAMENTAL DIMENSIONS AMONG YOUNG STUTTERERS AND TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (Suppl-3) ◽  
pp. S471-75
Author(s):  
Zubia Mushtaq ◽  
Nazia Mumtaz ◽  
Ghulam Saqulain
Keyword(s):  
Effortful Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: To compare the temperamental characteristics of children who stutter with those who do not stutter. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Ayub Medical Complex, Abbottabad, from Jun to Nov 2018. Methodology: We recruited 120 children of both genders aged 3-8 years. Sample recruited included two groups including 60 children with stuttering (CWS) and 60 children with no stuttering (CWNS), using consecutive sampling. After taking consent, data was gathered using demographic sheet and Children Behavioral Questionnaire (CBQ) from the sample population. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-21. Results: The sample included 82 (68.3% males and 38 (31.7%) female children. t-test results of children with stuttering and children with no stuttering showed statistically significant difference for effortful control (p<0.05) including dimension of inhibitory control, low intensity pleasure and perceptual sensitivity. However, the values for Surgency Extraversion and Negative affectivity were not statistically significant though results showed higher and lower mean scores respectively for stutterers compared to non-stutterers. However, the dimensions of anger, frustration, discomfort and falling reactivity showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: Children with stuttering and children with no stuttering differ in their temperamental characteristics with statistically significant difference for effortful control with lower control in stutterers.

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