scholarly journals Vagal Tone and Extinction Learning as Potential Transdiagnostic Protective Factors Following Childhood Violence Exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Samuel Susman ◽  
David Weissman ◽  
Margaret Sheridan ◽  
Katie A McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Extinction Learning ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
P Factor

Childhood exposure to violence is strongly associated with psychopathology. High resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been found to protect against psychopathology in children who have experienced adversity. High RSA may protect against psychopathology by facilitating fear extinction learning, allowing individuals to more appropriately regulate autonomic responses to learned threat and safety cues. In the present study, 165 youth (79 female, ages 9-17; 86 exposed to violence) completed assessments of violence exposure, RSA, psychopathology, and a fear extinction learning task; 134 participants returned and completed psychopathology assessments two years later. Resting RSA moderated the association of violence exposure with PTSD symptoms and transdiagnostic psychopathology (p-factor) at follow-up, such that the association was weaker among youth with higher RSA. Higher skin conductance responses (SCR) when viewing the stimulus associated with an aversive noise (CS+) as well as when viewing the stimulus that was unassociated with the aversive noise (CS-) during extinction learning predicted higher internalizing symptoms and p-factor at follow-up. These findings suggest that higher RSA may protect against the onset of psychopathology among children exposed to violence. Moreover, our findings suggest that in addition to difficulty extinguishing learned threat responses, elevated autonomic responses to safety cues may contribute to psychopathology.

Differentiating Between Us & Them: Reduced In-Group Bias as a Novel Mechanism Linking Childhood Violence Exposure with Internalizing Psychopathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven William Kasparek ◽  
Maya L. Rosen ◽  
Lucy A. Lurie ◽  
Mina Cikara ◽  
Kelly Sambrook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Group Assignment ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Childhood Violence Exposure ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Strong in-group bonds may promote mental health across development. Violence exposure influences social information processing biases and may also relate to social categorization processes. We examined associations of violence exposure with psychopathology and behavioral and neural indices of implicit and explicit in-group bias after minimal group assignment in children followed longitudinally across three time points from ages 5 to 10 years old (n = 101). In a pre-registered analysis, violence exposure was associated with lower implicit in-group bias, which in turn was associated prospectively with higher internalizing symptoms and mediated the longitudinal association between violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. Violence-exposed children did not exhibit the negative functional coupling between the left vmPFC and left amygdala when classifying in-group vs. out-group members that was observed in children without violence exposure. Reduced implicit bias for one’s in-group may represent a novel mechanism linking violence exposure with the development of internalizing symptoms.

Characteristics of Different Types of Childhood Violence and the Risk of Revictimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1696-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Frugaard Stroem ◽  
Helene Flood Aakvaag ◽  
Tore Wentzel-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between the characteristics of different types of childhood violence and adult victimization using two waves of data from a community telephone survey (T1) and a follow-up survey, including 505 cases and 506 controls, aged 17-35 years (T2). The logistic regression analyses showed that exposure to childhood abuse, regardless of type, was associated with adult victimization. Exposure to multiple types of abuse, victimization both in childhood and in young adulthood, and recency of abuse increased these odds. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessing multiple forms of violence when studying revictimization. Practitioners working with children and young adults should be attentive to the number of victimization types experienced and recent victimization to prevent further abuse.

scholarly journals Impaired Contextual Fear Extinction Learning is Associated with Aberrant Regulation of CHD-Type Chromatin Remodeling Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wille ◽  
Verena Maurer ◽  
Paolo Piatti ◽  
Nigel Whittle ◽  
Dietmar Rieder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Extinction Learning ◽  
Contextual Fear

Fear extinction learning and retention during adolescence in rats and mice: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 1264-1274
Author(s):  
Madelyne A. Bisby ◽  
A.A. Stylianakis ◽  
K.D. Baker ◽  
R. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Extinction Learning ◽  
Rats And Mice

scholarly journals Caloric Restriction Enhances Fear Extinction Learning in Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C Riddle ◽  
Morgan C McKenna ◽  
Yone J Yoon ◽  
Siobhan S Pattwell ◽  
Patricia Mae G Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Extinction Learning

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise And Consolidation Of Fear Extinction Learning Among Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (8S) ◽  
pp. 303-304
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Crombie ◽  
Anneliis Sartin-Tarm ◽  
Kyrie Sellnow ◽  
Rachel Ahrenholtz ◽  
Sierra Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Extinction Learning

Child Sex and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Reactivity as Moderators of the Relation Between Internalizing Symptoms and Aggression

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Aults ◽  
Patrick J. Cooper ◽  
Rachel E. Pauletti ◽  
Nancy Aaron Jones ◽  
David G. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia

Preventive interventions in offspring of parents with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (14) ◽  
pp. 2321-2336
Author(s):  
Alice Lannes ◽  
Eric Bui ◽  
Catherine Arnaud ◽  
Jean-Philippe Raynaud ◽  
Alexis Revet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Post Test

AbstractChildren with parents suffering from a psychiatric disorder are at higher risk for developing a mental disorder themselves. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials aims to evaluate the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to prevent negative mental health outcomes in the offspring of parents with mental illness. Eight electronic databases, grey literature and a journal hand-search identified 14 095 randomized controlled trials with no backward limit to June 2021. Outcomes in children included incidence of mental disorders (same or different from parental ones) and internalizing and externalizing symptoms at post-test, short-term and long-term follow-up. Relative risks and standardized mean differences (SMD) for symptom severity were generated using random-effect meta-analyses. Twenty trials were selected (pooled n = 2689 children). The main therapeutic approaches found were cognitive-behavioural therapy and psychoeducation. A significant effect of interventions on the incidence of mental disorders in children was found with a risk reduction of almost 50% [combined relative risk = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.84]. Interventions also had a small but significant effect on internalizing symptoms at post-test (SMD = −0.25, 95% CI −0.37 to −0.14) and short-term follow-up (−0.20, 95% CI −0.37 to −0.03). For externalizing symptoms, a decreasing slope was observed at post-test follow-up, without reaching the significance level (−0.11, 95% CI −0.27 to 0.04). Preventive interventions targeting the offspring of parents with mental disorders showed not only a significant reduction of the incidence of mental illness in children, but also a diminution of internalizing symptoms in the year following the intervention.

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